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Intro. Sociology
Extras, part 2 -- More Sociology review
| Stereotyping | Assigning a set of characteristics to define an entire group. |
| The disengagement theory | This theory implicitly suggests that society should help older people withdraw from their accustomed social roles. |
| Prejudice | A prejudgement of people according to their race or ethnicity. |
| Assimilation | The acceptance of a minority group into the dominant culture. |
| Ethnic groups | Distinct cultural identities that are based on race, religion, or national origin. |
| Vassalage | Reciprocal responsibilities of loyalty and service between lords and knights or lords and serfs. |
| Segregation | The separation of minority from the dominant culture. |
| Lower middle class | Represents 33% of the US population. Made up of individuals who earn the median income and are often involved in white collar sales and clerical work. |
| Social dynamics | How society changes. |
| Symbolic interactions | A microlevel theory of sociology basically stating that society is based on continual interactions between people and these interactions take place through symbols, representations with agreed-upon meanings. |
| Social darwinism | (Herbert Spencer) A belief in the survival of the fittest, meaning the most intelligent, ambitious people rise to the top of society. |
| The exchange theory | States that social life is a process of bargaining and negotiating that occurs on a cost/benefit analysis. |
| Social statics | The order and stability that hold society together. |
| Ethnomethodology | The study of processes by which meanings are created and shared. According to this perspective, there is no ordered social world unless participants agree upon meanings. |
| Social interference | A phenomenon in which a person's performance is decreased when he or she is working in a group. |
| Subordinate status | Any status occupied by a person that is not their master status. |
| Anomic suicide | Results from normlessness. |
| Altruistic suicide | Happens when an individual over identifies with a group and is willing to die for them. |
| Egoistic suicide | Results from isolation and weak social ties. |
| Selective perception | Selectively perceiving those cases that reinforce one's stereotype of a certain group. |
| The cultural transmission theory | Contends that crime is learned through cultural and subcultural norms. |
| The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | Says that people think through language. |
| Impression management | Refers to the conscious manipulation of role performance. |
| Status inconsistency | A condition in which a person a person holds a higher position on one dimension of stratification than on another. |
| Negative correlation | An association between two variables so that as one increases the other decreases. |
| Spurious relationship | An apparent association between variables that can actually be explained by a third variable. |
| Positive correlation | A relationship between variables where both variables increase or decrease together. |
| Secession | A subordinate group tries to leave or separate from the dominant group. |
| Informal sanction | Direct social pressure from those around us to conform. Informal in that the pressure is not coming from a formal or legal institution. |
| Multiculturalism | A variety of cultures living in the same society. |
| Control variable | A variable being held constant so that one can assess the relationship among the other variables. |
| Institutional discrimination | Occurs when inequalities are built into institutions and disproportionately disadvantages and entire category of people based on nothing more then their group membership. |
| Generalized other | George Herbert Mead's term for the cultural norms and values we use as references when evaluating ourselves. |
| Cultural assimilation | Refers to how well a group has adopted the norms, values, customs, and language of the dominant group. |
| Secondary assimilation | How well integrated the subgroup is to the dominant group on a macro institutional level (how equal they are in terms of money and political representation). |
| Primary assimilation | Integration on a micro institutional level such as the family. |
| Formal sanction | Pressure to conform that is enforced by a formal institution, such as the criminal justice system. |
| Deductive theories | Use general ideas or knowledge the social world to infer specific hypotheses and conclusions. |
| Inductive theories | Use concrete observations to make general conclusions through processes of reasoning. |
| The structural functionalist view is based on the premise that... | ...various phenomena, especially social structures, can be explained in terms of their consequences/functions. |
| Bourgeoisie | What Karl Marx called the owners of the means of production. |
| Proletariat | What Karl Marx called the people who provide the labor necessary for the operation of the factories and other productive enterprises. |
| Over-urbanization | Happens when the population of a city grows too quickly for the infrastructure to handle. Housing and jobs become difficult to find and the city cannot absorb the new population. |
| Industrialization | Refers to the technological development of a country. |
| Gentrification | When a rundown section of the city has been repaired and has become attractive to a middle-class population. |
| The normative theory of prejudice | States that individuals become prejudiced when such attitudes are so ingrained the their society's norms and values that they get passed on from generation to generation without question. |
| The power-conflict theory of prejudice | Focuses on the power dynamics between those who are prejudiced and those who are prejudiced against. |
| The authoritarian-personality theory of prejudice | Sees prejudice as stemming from certain personality characteristics. |
| George Simmel believed that society is an: | Intricate web of multiple relations between individuals who are in constant interaction with one another. |
| Affirmative action | Actions taken in an attempt to address institutional discrimination. |
| Civil religion | A quasi-religious loyalty binding individuals in a secular state. |
| The "culture of poverty" concept | Seeks to explain poverty as stemming not from structural forces, but cultural ones. |
| Fecundity | The potential number of children that a woman can bear while between ages 15 and 44. |
| Hypothesis | A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. |
| Oligopoly | When several corporations, usually four or fewer, control an industry. |
| Monopoly | When one corporation controls and entire industry. |
| Conglomerate | A large corporation with and interest in a variety of industries. |
| Lobbying | The attempt to influence the government's decision-making process. |
| Bribery | The illegal act of trying to buy off a public official. |
| Concept | A mental image or generalized idea. |
| Longitudinal study | A study that follows a group of individuals over a substantial period of time. |
| Cross-sectional study | A study that usually occurs at one period in time, and looks as a cross-section of the population. |
| Bias | To show preference for someone or some social group. |
| Culture shock | The reaction that occurs when an individual enters a new and different cultural setting. |
| Alienation | A sense of not belonging in society. |
| Fatalism | A belief that one has no control over one's own life. |
| Cognitive dissonance | When one continues to believe in something in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Innovation | Utilizing novel approaches to old problems. |
| Diffusion | The migration of ideas, beliefs, and technology from one culture to another. |
| Culture conflict | The first experience of two culture coming into contact. |
| Status inconsistency | When a person ranks differently on different social characteristics. |
| Social evaluation | The process by which we place individual in social categories. |
| Intragenerational mobility | A change in social status within one's lifetime. |
| Intergenerational mobility | Change that occurs between generations. |
| Amalgamation | The biological fusion of two or more groups. |
| Median | The midpoint number. |
| Mean | The statistical average. |
| Mode | The number that appears most often in a group of numbers. |
| Ritual | An action which has religious significance for the participants. |
| Dogma | A system of doctrine of a religion. |
| Ecumenical event | Occurs when representatives of more than one religion join together in ceremonies. |
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mjalldrin
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