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Epidimiology
Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the Pros of a case control | Good for rare diseases -Good for diseases with long latent periods |
| What are the Cons of a case control | Can investigate only one disease outcome -Cannot be used with rare exposure |
| What are the Cons of a Cohort Study | Not good for rare disease -Expensive -Lots of “loss to follow up |
| What are the Pros of a Cohort Study | Good for rare exposure -Direct calculation of RR |
| What are the Pros of a Cross Sectional | Can have good generalizability -Done in short time period and less expensive |
| What are the Cons of a Cross sectional | Lack of temporal sequence of exposure preceding disease |
| How do you calculate Crude death rate | (Total Resident Deaths/ Total Population) X 100 |
| How do you calculate Perinatal mortality rate | [(Number of resident fetal deaths 28 or more weeks gestation + Number of resident newborns dying under 7 days of age) / (Number of resident live births + Number of resident fetal deaths of 28 or more weeks gestation)] x 1,000 |
| How do you calculate Maternal mortality rate | Number of maternal deaths/Total number of live births X 100,000 |
| How do you calculate Maternal mortality ratio | |
| How do you calculate infant mortality rate | Number of infant deaths up to the age of 1/Total number of live births X 1000 |
| How do you calculate child mortality rate | number of children who die by the age of five/total births X 1000 |
| 2007 top 5 leading causes of death per 100,000 persons | 1 Heart Disease 2 Cancer 3 Stroke 4 CLRD 5 Accidents. |
| individuals without a high-school diploma as compared with college graduates are how any times more likely to smoke an not engage in leisure activity | 3X's more for both |
| Top "Actual Causes of Death in the United States in 2000 | Tobacco, Poor Diet and activity, Alcohol Consumption, Microbial agents |
| What is the Motto for Healthy People | Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation established quantifiable objectives to reach the broad goals of Healthy People. |
| What is the Goal for Healthy people 2010 | Increase quality and years of healthy life Eliminate health disparities |
| What is the Goal for Healthy people 2020 | Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities Create social and physical environments that promote good health Promote quality of life, healthy development, healthy behaviors across life stages |
| if p-value < 0.05 | Reject the null hypothesis |
| What tests do we use for the Parametric method | T-test Paired t-test Analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
| T-test is what | Checks difference between the means of 2 groups |
| Analysis of variance (ANOVA) | Checks difference between the the means of 3 or more groups |
| Paired t-test is what | Test the change in before and after taking experiment |
| What tests do we use for the non-Parametric method | Wilcoxon rank sum test(equivalent to t-test) Wilcoxon signed rank test(equivalent to paired t-test) Kruskal–Wallis test(equivalent to ANOVA) |
| What are Descriptive statistics: | Summarize the data with frequency (n) and percentage (%), odds ratio, risk ratio, risk difference |
| If OR=1, RR=1, or RD=0, | the exposed group has the same risk of having the disease as the unexposed group. the exposure has no effect on developing the disease. |
| If OR>1, RR>1, or RD>0 | the exposed group has a higher risk of having the disease than the unexposed group. This means that the exposure has a harmful effect on developing the disease |
| If OR<1, RR<1, or RD<0 | group has a lower risk of having the disease than the unexposed group. that the exposure has a protective effect on developing the disease. |
| Type I Error (α): | False Positive = stating that therre is a effect or difference when there actually is none |
| Type II Error (β): | False Negative = stating that there is not an effect or difference when one actually exist |
| Likelihood Ratio (LR): | = Likelihood of (+) test in diseased persons/Likelihood of (+) test in healthy persons |
| what is in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS | The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a state-based system of health surveys that collects information on health risk behaviors, preventive health practices, and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury. |
| Neonatal (<28 days) deaths | due to Preterm Birth defects Maternal health conditions Lack of access to risk-appropriate care |
| Postneonatal (28-364 days | Drivers: Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)/Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Injury Infection |
| Which countries have the highest mortality rates | United states at 6.6 and Slovak Republic at 5.9 |
| Which countries have the lowest infant mortalitiey rates | Iceland and Sweden at 2.5 Finland and Japan at 2.6 |
| Percent of Live Births by weeks of gestation | > 37 weeks 87%, 34-36 = 9% |
| Infant Deaths by Weeks of Gestation | <32 = 57%, <37 = 32% |
| what % Prenatal smoking occurs in US live births | 11.5% |
| Smoking in pregnancy accounts for | 5%-8% of preterm deliveries 13%-19% of low birth weight among term infants 23%-34% of deaths due to SIDS 5%-7% of deaths from preterm-related causes |
| Protective Factors for Sleep-Related Deaths | Roomsharing without bedsharing (OR 0.5) Breastfeeding: ever (OR 0.4), any exclusive (OR 0.27) Pacifier use (OR 0.39) Immunizations (OR 0.5) |
| Name the epidemiological study designs in descending order of Validity and Cost | Prospective cohort > Retrospective Cohort > Case control > Cross sectional study > Case series. |
| Rate of Infant Deaths by Race/Ethnicity (of Mother), 2007 highest and lowest ethinicity rates | Asian have the lowest Blacks have the highest and whites are in the middle |
| Which counties have the longest life spand | Japan and Singapore |
| Which counties have the lowest life spand | United States and Ireland |
| From 45- 64 what is the demographics of coverage to health care | hispanics < Blacks < Whites |
| Dichotomous data is | has only two outcome options |
| Ordinal data is | a data that has two or more ordered response options (mild moderate severe) |
Created by:
shines221
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