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Micro Objectives Ch1
Microbiology learning objectives chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Louis Pasteur | 1822-1895, Frenchman, used swan neck flasks to test abiogensis. |
| Biogensis | Life comes from life |
| Fermentation | Conversion of sugar to alcohol or some other waste product. |
| Ideas of causes of fermentation (in that time period) | Air caused ("life force"), spontaneous generation of yeast and/or bacteria, yeast, or bacteria |
| Pasturization | Heating something enough to kill most of the bacteria, adding yeast to ferment |
| Etiology | Study of the cause of disease |
| Germ Theory | Microorganisms are responsible for disease. Proposed by Pasteur during his fermentation discovery. |
| Robert Koch | 1843-1910, German, first to discover a pathogen. |
| Koch's Postulates | 1)Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease & be absent from healthy hosts 2)Agent must be isolated and grown outside of host 3)If agent is given to healthy host, host must get the disease 4)Agent must be isolated from diseased host |
| Koch's Contributions | Simple straining technique, first micrograph of bacteria, first micrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue, tecniques for estimating CFU/ml, use of steam to sterilize media, use of petri dishes, aseptic techniques w/a loop, bacteria as distinct species |
| Petri Plates | Koch; one cell = one colony, Petri; the dish, Hess; use of agar as solidifying agent |
| Hans Christian Gram | 1853-1938, Denmark. Identified bacteria morphologically. |
| Morphology | the study of the appearance of an organism |
| Gram Stain | Gram-positive, stain purple. Gram-negative, stain red. |
| Preventing an infection | Ignaz Semmelweis (Austria) & Joseph Lister (England) - wash hands and use antiseptic |
| Florence Nightingale | English. "Mother of modern nursing", advocated sanitary conditions, established first nursing school |
| John Snow | English. Studied epidemics (epidemiology). Linked cholera to a city water pump. |
| Edward Jenner | English. Experimented with cowpox on a neighbor boy to prevent small pox. Coined the term vaccine (cow pox virus was called 'vaccinia') |
| Paul Ehrlich | Early 1900s, German. Searched for 'magic bullet' for syphillis cure. Discovered salvarsan (chemical 606). Chemotherapy. |
| Biochemistry | Study of metabolism |
| Microbial genetics | genes to proteins |
| Molecular biology | biochemistry + genetics |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | using microbes to express genes |
| Gene Therapy | using viruses to insert genes into humans |
| Environmental Microbiology | how microbes effect the enviroment |
| Bioremediation | using microbes to clean the enviroment |
| Serology | study of chemicals in the liquid portion of blood (serum) |
| Immunology | study of immune response |
| Chemotherapy | finding the "magic bullets" |
| Alexander Fleming | 1920s, discovered penicillin |
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