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9.14 Quiz 2
Vocab from Schneider Chapters 3-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Orthodromic | Traveling the direction that nerve impulses normally travel. |
| Cerebral Penduncle | Meaning little foot. The bundle of axons which connects the endbrain to the cerebellum and the spinal cord, found in the midbrain. The cerebral peduncle in a brain dissection is like a stalk holding up the “flower” of the endbrain, the cerebral cortex. |
| Bursting Patterns | Brief rapid firings of action potentials. |
| TTX | The abbreviation for tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin from the pufferfish (and other fish of the same order). TTX blocks action potentials by binding to voltage gated sodium channels in axonal membranes. |
| Period Gene | Genes whose transcribed proteins rhythmically vary in quantity over ~24 hour cycles, causing circadian rhythms. |
| Basic Action Pattern | Patterns of movement in animals which are largely inherited and important in survival and reproduction. Such patterns include locomotion towards or away from objects or other animals, and grasping of objects for feeding and other activities. |
| Myoid Cell | Cell that is like the more specialized cells in muscle tissue in its ability to contract. Myoid cells in Cnidarians and sponges may also have a special sensitivity to sensory stimulation. |
| Neuroid Cell | Cell that has some properties of neurons in more specialized neural tissue. This includes conduction of membrane potentials along cell processes that resemble axons. |
| Gap Junction | When two cells have specialized molecular channels which allow free passage of ions and other small molecules between them. Electrical activity in the membrane of one cell influences the other without any special neurotransmitters or receptor molecules. |
| Subepithelial Network | Multiple interconnected neuronal cells located beneath the surface layer of the body of an animal. Such a network allows the transmission of excitation from one local area to other parts of the body. |
| Secondary Sensory Neuron | A neuron within the central nervous system that receives synaptic inputs from primary sensory neurons (that are located outside the CNS). |
| Interneuron | Broadly defined, an interneuron is any neuron in the nervous system that is not a primary or secondary sensory neuron and not a motor neuron. The term is often used more specifically for interneurons with short axons. |
| Motor Neuron | A CNS neuron with an axon that synapses with muscle cells, or more broadly, any CNS neuron with an axon that goes out of the CNS. If the axon connects with peripheral autonomic ganglion cells, it is called a preganglionic motor neuron. |
| Nuclei | Plural of “nucleus”—a group of CNS neuronal cell bodies that can be distinguished from surrounding cells in a cell-stained histological section. |
| CNS Tract | Axons running next to each other in the central nervous system in a bundle that can be identified in histological sections. |
| CNS Fasciculi | Plural of “fasciculus”—a ribbon of axons in the brain or spinal cord, identifiable with neuroanatomical techniques. Fasciculi are particular tracts in the CNS. |
| Notochord | A cartilaginous rod derived from the embryonic mesoderm that runs along the back of all developing chordate animals. Above the notochord, the neural tube forms. |
| Neural Tube | The initial form of the embryonic CNS. The neural tube forms from an invagination of the surface ectoderm along the back of all chordates, a process induced by molecular influences of the underlying notochord. |
| Alimentary Tract | The tube that forms during gastrulation in the developing embryo. It develops into the passage through the body that extends from the mouth through to the anus |
| Chordate | A member of the phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a CNS located dorsal to the alimentary tract, and above a notochord during development. |
| Basic Behaviors | Behavioral patterns present in one form or another in all animals because they are necessary for survival and reproduction. |
| Cognitive Abilities | Behavioral abilities that cannot be explained in terms of reflexes or fixed action patterns. They include anticipation, prediction or planning, at least of the immediate future. |
| Cranial Nerve | A peripheral nerve attached to the CNS above the spinal cord, inside the cranium. Cranial nerves, like spinal nerves, are made up of axons that carry sensory information to secondary sensory neurons in the CNS and/or axons from motor neurons of the CNS. |
| Visceral Control | Control of activities of the internal organs by the nervous system. It originates in the central nervous system acts through the peripheral ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Hindbrain Expansion | When various sensory systems, like taste and hearing, developed in the head region their inputs into the hindbrain caused CNS structures to enlarge into specialized secondary sensory cell groups. |
| Midbrain Expansion | Midbrain structures enlarged when the midbrain evolved neuronal groups which initiated movements important for survival and reproduction like locomotion, grasping and orientation. Sensory pathways developed to the midbrain to control these movements. |
| Mooneye | The fresh water mooneye has a brain that is useful in comparative neuroanatomy for comparison with the brains of other fish in which the relative sizes of various structures differs. |
| Buffalo Fish | Buffalo fish have a specialized palatal organ which sends information to the hindbrain, specifically the vagal lobe, which is much enlarged in this fish compared to the mooneye. |
| Catfish | Catfish receive taste inputs from all over their body. This information travels to the facial lobe located in the hindbrain via the 7th cranial nerve. This facial lobe is much enlarged in this fish compared to the mooneye. |
| Facial Nerve | The facial nerve is cranial nerve 7. It includes axons from 1) motor neurons that innervate facial muscles 2) the distal parts of the tongue and 3) the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Vagus Nerve | The vagus nerve is cranial nerve 10. It travels to the throat, thorax and abdomen. Afferent axons include taste receptors of the throat and various visceral organs. Efferent axons include parasympathetic nerves in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| Correlation Centers | Neuronal structures where sensory information is analyzed and reaches neurons with axons that connect with motor system structures. An example of this would be the cerebellum. |
| Pallium | Latin for cloak, the pallium of the developing endbrain is the layered structure at the surface, most of it above a ventricle. It develops into various types of cortex and also some nuclear structures below parts of the cortex. |
| Corpus Striatum | It develops from the subpallium, below the lateral ventricle in each hemisphere. The corpus striatum (“striped body", because of the axons running through it) includes both dorsal and ventral portions. |
| First Endbrain Expansion | In chordate evolution, the earliest expansion of an endbrain occurred very early with the development of olfactory inputs. |
| Second Endbrain Expansion | A second expansion of the endbrain occurred in early vertebrates after the evolution of non-olfactory inputs, many of which came from the midbrain via the ‘tweenbrain. |
| Third Endbrain Expansion | A third major expansion of the endbrain occurred much later in vertebrates with the evolution of various cognitive functions. |
| Midbrain Tectum | The midbrain roof, also known as the superior colliculus. In many species, it is a layered structure over the midbrain ventricle. It is often called the optic tectum because the most superficial layers are dominated by inputs from the retina. |
| Association Cortex | Parts of the neocortex of mammals that are outside the primary sensory areas of the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. Multimodal areas of the association cortex have many long-axon connections with other association areas. |
| Ontogeny | Development of an organism or biological entity. |
| Phylogeny | The history of the evolution of groups of animals (species and groups of species). |
| Cynodont | Cynodonts were a group of reptilian species, often called mammal-like reptiles. Some of these animals evolved into the early mammals. |
| Cerebellum | The word cerebellum means “little brain.” The vertebrate cerebellum develops in the roof of the rostral hindbrain. |
| Thalamus | In mammals, the largest subdivision of the diencephalon, meaning "inner chamber". Most inputs to cortical structures of the endbrain other than olfactory cortex include a synapse in the thalamus. |
| Hypothalamus | A subdivision of the diencephalon located just below the subthalamus. It 1) influences the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system via the attached pituitary organ 2) controls of motivational states and 3) controls locomotor initiation. |
| Epithalamus | Subdivision of the diencephalon closest to the midbrain. In an adult vertebrate it is located above the caudal parts of the thalamus. It includes the habenular nuclei and the pretectal nuclei. |
| Olfactory Cortex | It receives direct projections from the olfactory bulbs. The projection axons are from secondary sensory neurons of the bulbs—mostly mitral cells. In most vertebrates, olfactory cortex can be seen most easily in a ventral view of the forebrain. |
| Olfactory Bulb | Receives inputs from primary sensory axons of the nasal epithelium. The outputs from the olfactory bulbs come mainly from mitral cells, which have axons that project widely to the most superficial layers of the olfactory cortex. |
| Posterior Pituitary | The neural part of the pituitary. This part is also called the neurohypophysis. |
| Anterior Pituitary | The glandular part of the pituitary. This part is also called the adenohypophysis. It is connected with the hypothalamus by the bloodstream through specialized capillaries. |
| Subthalamus | A subdivision of the adult ‘tweenbrain (diencephalon), located below the thalamus and above the hypothalamus. This division is called the ventral thalamus during embryogenesis. |
| 1st Cranial Nerve | The most rostral cranial nerve, also known as the olfactory nerve. It consists of axons of primary sensory neurons located in the olfactory nasal epithelium that synapse onto dendrites in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. |
| 5th Cranial Nerve | The most rostral CN of the hindbrain, its three main branches give it the name “trigeminal nerve.” Its somatosensory axons carry information from the face and oral cavity to the trigeminal nuclei, while its motor axons control the muscles for chewing. |
| 8th Cranial Nerve | The auditory-vestibular nerve, which enters the lateral part of the rostral hindbrain. |
| Pre-ganglionic Motor Neuron | A neuron in the CNS with an axon that connects with neurons in a peripheral ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). |
| Ganglionic Neuron of the ANS | Neuron in one of the peripheral ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Such neurons have axons that innervate smooth muscle or gland cells. |
| Local Reflex Channel | Information in a local reflex channel flows from primary sensory neurons to secondary sensory neurons in one segment of the CNS, and from there to motor neurons of the same segment. Example: a segmental reflex of the spinal cord. |
| Intersegmental Reflex | A reflex arc of the spinal cord (carrying information from the sensory to the motor side) that involves connections in more than one spinal segment. |
| Dermatome | The area of the body surface innervated by a single pair of dorsal roots (of one spinal segment, involving one spinal nerve on either side). |
| Myotome | The muscle fibers innervated by a single pair of ventral roots (of one spinal segment, involving one spinal nerve on either side). |
| Spinal Nerve | A nerve at one spinal segment that divides into a dorsal and a ventral root before reaching the spinal cord. Such a nerve is found in between adjacent spinal vertebra. |
| Spinoreticular Pathway | Axons from secondary sensory neurons located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that ascend, mostly ipsilaterally, to terminate mainly in the reticular formation of the brainstem. The longest axons, of which there are very few, reach the 'tweenbrain. |
| Spinothalamic Pathway | Axons from secondary sensory neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that decussate ventral to the central canal and reach the ventrolateral column before turning rostrally to ascend to the hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon. |
| Propriospinal Fibers | Axons that originate in the spinal cord and terminate in the spinal cord. |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side (of the brain, or spinal cord, etc.) |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side (of the brain, or spinal cord, etc.) |
| Decussation | The site where an axonal pathway crosses to the opposite side of the CNS. (The term is not generally used for axons that simply connect with the same structure on the opposite side; such axons form a “commissure.”) |
| Reticular Formation | Neurons of the brainstem that have a non-specialized appearance, with inputs of a mixed nature. Their axons may be quite specifically involved in one function, or they may be distributed more diffusely (non-specifically). |
| Cerebellar Channel, or Spinocerebellar Tract | A group of axons of secondary sensory neurons that form synapses in the cerebellar cortex. (In the spinal cord there is a dorsal spinocerebellar tract that ascends ipsilaterally and a ventral spinocerebellar tract that ascends contralaterally.) |
| Mormyrid Fish | The mormyrids live in murky waters and thus depend heavily their electroreceptors, found in a lateral line located along each side of the body. The brains of Mormyrids are dominated by a very large cerebellum which decodes the electrosensory signals. |
| Pit Viper | Pit vipers are snakes that can detect and locate warm-blooded prey animals using infrared radiation. The infrared receptors are located at the bottom of a small pit located below each eye. |
| Inferior Colliculus (IC) | The caudal bump (little hill) at the surface of the midbrain on either side. It receives auditory information and projects to the thalamus and a few other places. |
| Superior Colliculus (SC) | The rostral bumps at the surface of the midbrain in a mammal. Its surface layers receive input directly from the retina. Also called the midbrain tectum or the optic tectum in non-mammals. |
| Trigeminal Nuclei | The secondary sensory neurons of the hindbrain that receive input from the trigeminal ganglion of the 5th cranial nerve. They extend from the rostral hindbrain to the most rostral spinal cord. |
| Decerebrate | An animal which has suffered loss of the cerebrum bilaterally by experimental surgery. A high decerebrate animal has lost all connections of the cerebral hemispheres including cortex and corpus striatum. |
| Limbic Endbrain | The structures of the telencephalon which are closely connected with the hypothalamus, including the olfactory system. Limbic endbrain structures are located at the margins of the cerebral hemispheres and do not include the neocortex in mammals. |
| Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) | Patterns of instinctive behavior that include inherited motivations and motor output patterns. Although genetically "fixed", they can be modified, especially on the sensory side. A an example of a FAP would be an instinctive movement pattern. |
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