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9.14 Quiz 1
Vocab from classes 1 & 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Coronal section | a cross-section slice of the brain or spinal cord. |
| Frontal Section | a cross-section slice of the brain or spinal cord. |
| Transverse Section | a cross-section slice of the brain or spinal cord. |
| Midsagittal section | a slice of the brain parallel to the plane that divides the two halves, right down the midline. |
| Parasagittal section | a slice of the brain parallel to the plane that divides the two halves, laterally removed from the midline. |
| Horizontal section | A slice of the brain cut at right angles to coronal and to sagittal sections, parallel to the ventral and dorsal surfaces. |
| Rhombencephalon | The hindbrain, which is made up of a rostral part that includes the pons and cerebellum, and a caudal part also known as the medulla oblongata. |
| Mesencephalon | The midbrain, located rostral to the hindbrain and caudal to the ‘tweenbrain. |
| Diencephalon | The ‘tweenbrain, which includes the epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus of adult vertebrates. |
| Telencephalon | The endbrain, which includes the cerebral hemispheres, basal forebrain and olfactory bulb. The hemispheres include cortical structures and basal ganglia (corpus striatum and amygdala). |
| Prosencephalon | The forebrain, including endbrain (telencephalon) and ‘tweenbrain (diencephalon). |
| Dura Mater | The outermost layer of the meniges—the coverings of the central nervous system. Meaning of words: tough, or hard, mother. |
| Pia Mater | The innermost layer of the three layers of meninges. Pial cells are the outermost covering of the central nervous system, constituting a one-cell-thick sheet of cells to which the endfeet of astrocytes adhere. |
| Plexus | A network of interlaced nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system. The term may also refer to a network of blood vessels. |
| Medulla oblongata | The caudal hindbrain, just above the spinal cord. The words mean the elongated core, or contents, of the bony enclosure (of the spinal column). The spinal cord, in these terms, is the medulla spinalis. |
| Pons | The “bridge” at the base of the rostral hindbrain that includes the cells that receive inputs from the cerebral hemispheres and some brainstem structures and project axons to the cerebellar cortex. |
| Endogenous activity | Activity generated from within, without an external stimulus. |
| Primary sensory neurons | Neurons with cell bodies outside the CNS—in the peripheral nervous system—and axons that synapse within the central nervous system. They carry sensory information into the CNS. |
| Telodendria | End branches, usually referring to axon telodendria—the terminal arbors at the ends of many axons. |
| Boutons | French for “buttons”—the enlargements of axons, often at the terminal ends. They usually contain synaptic vesicles, and include the presynaptic side of synapses, often more than one. |
| Presynaptic Inhibition | When the activation of axo-axonal contacts results in the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, reducing the effects of the postsynaptic neuron's own action potential. |
| Presynaptic Facilitation | When the activation of axo-axonal contacts results in the hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane, increasing the effects of the postsynaptic neuron's own action potential. |
| Reciprocal Synapses | A pair of synapses which release neurotransmitter in opposing directions between the same two neurons. |
| Serial Synapses | The first synapse is usually between an axon and a small neuronal process. The opposite side of the postsynaptic process is presynaptic side of another synapse onto a third neuron. The purpose of the middle neuron may be to act as a moderator, or gate. |
| Neuromodulator | Is not a neurotransmitter but can alter the synaptic actions of an axon. |
| Retrograde Transport | Active movement of an organelle or molecule up axons, usually from axonal endings, towards the cell body, or soma. Uses dynein, a protein that acts as a molecular motor. |
| Anterograde Transport | Active movement of an organelle or molecule down axons, usually from the cell body to axonal endings. Uses kinesin, a protein that acts as a molecular motor. |
| Integrative Action | Action of the central nervous system that results in coordination of disparate functional activities. |
| Cytoarchitecture | The structural arrangement of cells, including the grouping of neuronal cell bodies into cell groups or nuclei, lamination of specific functional or structural cell types. |
| Nissl Stain | A histological stain using analine dye that binds selectively to Nissl bodies in the soma. The Nissl bodies are ribosomal RNA associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal cell bodies and the proximal parts of dendrites. |
| Fiber Architecture | The arrangement of axons into layers, tracts (bundles) and columns. These arrangements tend to be different in different regions of the brain. |
| Myeloarchitecture | Type of fiber architecture using histological stains for the myelin sheath around axonal membranes. |
| Immunohistochemistry | The localization of specific proteins using antibodies to those proteins. In the usual procedure, an antibody is conjugated to a peroxidase enzyme or to a fluorophore to enable visualization using a histochemical procedure or fluorescence microscopy. |
| Chemoarchitecture | The distribution of specific chemical substances in brain tissue, studied in histological sections where at least one substance is marked. |
| Golgi Stain | A histological stain that results in the nearly complete filling of scattered neurons and glial cells in blocks of brain tissue with a black color. The staining works by soaking fixed nervous tissue with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate. |
| Dorsal Root | One of two branches of each spinal nerve attached to the spinal cord. The dorsal branch—the dorsal root—contains axons of primary sensory neurons that synapse in the CNS on secondary sensory neurons. |
| Ventral Root | One of two branches of each spinal nerve attached to the spinal cord. The ventral root in vertebrates contains axons from motor neurons that extend to muscles, plus axons from the lateral horn to autonomic ganglia. |
| Ventral Horn | The ventral part of the spinal gray matter. It contains the motor neurons that extend to striated muscle cells. |
| Peripheral Ganglion | Any group of neurons located outside the central nervous system (CNS). Peripheral ganglia in vertebrate animals include the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Examples: the ciliary ganglion behind the eye, the cardiac ganglion. |
| Antidromic Stimulation | Stimulation of axons that results in action potentials that travel in the opposite direction. When they reach the cell body of the axon, the waveform does not contain a synaptic trigger, and thus can be discriminated from synaptic activation. |
| Nauta Method | A method of staining degenerating axons in the CNS: The fixed tissue is impregnated with silver nitrate, then a reduction step results in deposition of silver in the axons. |
| HRP Histochemistry | Horseradish peroxidase is a plant enzyme that when injected into the brain is taken up by axonal endings or cells and transported in both retrograde and anterograde directions. Histochemical methods can be used to visualize the distribution of the HRP. |
| Fluorescent Tracers | A substance that fluoresces at a specific wavelength of light when illuminated with light of a different wavelength. Such substances can be used as axon tracers by neuroanatomists if they are transported retrogradely or anterogradely, or both. |
| Cholera Toxin Subunit B | Relatively non-toxic, this protien is useful as an axon tracer. It is taken up by cell bodies and transported down the axon to the terminals. An immunohistochemical method can be used to make the locations of the tracer as visible as a Golgi stain. |
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9.14
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