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Test #1 Lect
Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Have a distinct nucleus? | Eukaryotes |
| Lack nucleus | Prokaryotes |
| Archaea are ____ & have ____ | Are Prokaryotic Have Cell Walls |
| Archaea cell walls lack ____ and have ____? | Lack peptidoglycan and have pseudomurien. |
| Bacteria are _____ and have cell walls containing_____? | Prokaryotic Contain Peptidoglycan |
| Fungi are _____ & can be ________ or ________? | are eukaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular |
| Protozoa are? | Unicellular Eukaryotes |
| Algae are? | Photosynthetic Eukaryotes |
| How do viruses reproduce? | Reproduce by using cellular machinery of other oraganisms. |
| Louis Pasteur | First to show microorganisms are in the air using his S-neck flask experiment Studied microbes role in fermentation of alcoholic beverages |
| Pasteur's Swan neck flask expirement disproved? | Abiogenesis |
| First to use microscopes to observe microorganisms? | Van Lehoekeuwen |
| Koch | Verified Germ Theory of Disease and established link between a microbe and the disease it caused. (Specific) |
| Hooke | Studied household objects, plants and trees with simple magnifying glass. First to use the word cell. |
| Lister | First to use aseptic technique in surgery in mid 1800s |
| Semmelweis & Oliver Wendell Holmes? | |
| Abiogenesis | Theory of spontaneous generation or that some forms of life arise from nonliving matter. |
| Biogenesis | Living cells arise only from preexisting living cells. |
| Name the 3 domains? | Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
| What is the order of classification of organisms from Largest to Smallest? | Domain Largest Species Smallest |
| Basic properties of proteins? | Have NH2 |
| Structure/building blocks of Proteins | Chains of Amino Acids |
| Proteins are held together by | Peptide Bonds |
| Molecule made up of short chains of Amino Acids | Peptide |
| Proteins have | NH2 (Amidogen) |
| Carbohydrates are made of | Sugars 1 mono, 2 di, 3 or more is Poly |
| Lipids are made of | Fatty Acids |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Double Helix |
| Four Bases of DNA | (adinine pairs with Thymine) Guanine pairs with Cytosine)A T G C |
| DNA Genes are made up of | Nucleic Acids and Deoxyribose (sugar) |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid, Single Helix |
| 4 Bases of RNA | A U C G Adinine & Uricil and Cytosine & Guanine |
| RNA made up of | Ribose |
| How a protein is denatured | A protein structure is disrupted somehow ( altered pH) |
| Glycolysis | Break down of sugars |
| Polysaccharide used in preparing solid culture media | AGAR |
| Polysacharides linked to peptide fragments; found in bacterial cell walls. | Peptidoglycan |
| Have peptidoglycan | Only Bacteria |
| Additional layer for attachment outside cell wall, "sticky" with receptors on many cells surfaces,adhesion (biofilm) and to avoid phagocytosis. | Glycocalyx |
| Will Stain Red | Acid Fast Organisms |
| A Waxy coat in the cell wall of Mycobacteria | Mycolic Acid |
| Two pathogenic bacterias that have mycolic acid | Tuberculosis and Leprosy |
| Purpose of a mordant | Complexes with CV or hold the stain |
| Dormant form of bacteria | Endospores |
| Endospores form when | certain bacteria become stressed by heat, chemicals ect.. and need protection |
| Thick protein coat made of keratin surrounding endospores. | Exosporium |
| Smooth type of glycocalyx | Capsules |
| Capsules | Smooth type of glycocalyx, protect cells, help them to adhere and evade phagocytosis. Cells with capsules generally have greater pathogenicity. Example Stephtococcyx pneumonia |
| Prokaryote DNA | Not contained in a nucleus, not associated with histone |
| Prokaryotes Lack | Membrane enclosed organelles and have no true nucleus |
| Prokaryotes have | Cell walls |
| Divide by binary fission | Prokaryotes |
| Contain 70s ribosomes | Prokaryotes |
| 4 different Flagella arrangements | 1) Monotrichous (one) 2)Lophotrichous (bunch at one end) 3)Amphitrichous (1 at both poles) 4)Peritrichous (distributed ramdomly over cell) |
| Help bacteria cells attach to various structures such as mucous membranes and initiate disease | Fimbriae |
| Bacteria that has fimbriae and causes infection in urinary tract. | E coli |
| Bacteria Move in response to chemical signals | Chemotaxis |
| Pili | used for attachment and exchange of genetic information during conjugation. (longer than fimbrae) |
| 2 main diseases you would do an acid fast stain for | Tuberculosis and Leprosy |
| Code for antibiotic resistance, pieces of DNA | Plasmids |
| Total size of prokaryotic Ribosome | 70s |
| Species that can produce spores | Bacillus |
| Can help bacteria attach to cell walls and initiate disease | Fimbrae |
| 2 types of endospore producing bacteria that cause disease | Clostridium difficile (C-diff) Clostridium Tetani (Tetanus) |
| Archaea are found in | Extreme Environments eg Thrive at 100 deg celcius, 25% plus salt concentrations and high methane concentrations. Don't cause infections in humans. |
| Gram Positive Cell Walls | 1)Thick peptidoglycan (atleast 3 layers thick) 2)Teichoic & Lipotechoic Acids that hold together peptidoglycan and anchor to cell Membrane 3)Inner Cell Membrane |
| Gram Negative Cell Walls | 1)1 Thin Layer Peptidoglycan 2)Has Lipopolyscacharrides that are often toxic (release endotoxin) 3) Has 2 cell membranes inner & outer 4)Porin proteins in outer membrane |
| Where Porin proteins are Located and Their function | Gram Neg outer membrane Form chanels to allow transportation of nutrients ect... |
| Steps of Gram Stain and what happens in each step | pg 72 & 73 |
| Only these can be gram stained | Bacteria only |
| Lack Mitochondria | Bacteria |
| The Study of Fungi | Mycology |
| Helminths are | Parasitic Worms |
| Eukaryotes DNA | Is contained within Nucleus Associated with Histone and Nonhistone Properties |
| 1)Organelles in Eukaryotes 2) Mitochondria have | 1)Are enclosed in a membrane 2)DNA & 70s Ribosomes |
| Divide by Mitosis | Eukaryotes |
| Eukaryotes have ____ ribosomes | 80s |
| Are Acellular | Viruses |
| Need a host to reproduce | Viruses |
| Have a protein called a capsid | Viruses |
| Can have DNA or RNA but NOT BOTH and may have envelope | Viruses |
| Viruses that infect bacteria | Bacteriophage |
| Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages | pg 130-131 T-even Bacteriophage Adsorption attaches to cell wall, Penetraes host through tube releases viruse ll |
| Life Cycle of Animal Viruses | pg 125 Absorption (attach), Penetration (endocytosis), Uncoating (enzymes get rid of protein coat), Synthesis(Host cell makes Protein & nucleic acid) , Release (assembled Viruse released) |
| Lysogeny | pg 130-131 Condition in which host chromosome carries viral DNA. |
| Increase in number of cells not cell size | Microbial Growth |
| pH most bacteria grow at | 6.5 and 7.5 |
| What happens if you grow bacteria/microbe outside of it's pH range or higher than it's maximal temp | Proteins and Enzymes Denature |
| Net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane, from high concentration to low concentration | Osmosis |
| Cheif solvent in living systems | Water |
| The force with which a solvent moves across a semipermeable membrane, from > concentration to < concentration | Osmotic Pressure |
| Water moves out of a cell | Hypertonic soln |
| Water moves into a cell | Hypotonic soln |
| Isotonic soln | No net movement of water |
| Grow best in Below 15 deg celcius | Psychrophile |
| Grow best between 20 deg and 40 deg | Mesophile |
| Grow best in > than 45 degrees celcius, dies beyond 80 | Thermophile |
| Grow best in 15 - 30 degrees (frigde temps food borne disease) | Psychotroph |
| Grow best in 80-121 degrees | Hyperthermophile AKA Extreme |
| Grows only in presence of O2 | Obligate aerobe |
| Have enzymes that breakdown harmful O2 species | Obligate aerobe |
| Do not grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but require small amount in metabolism | Microaerophiles |
| Facultative anaerobes | Can use oxygen or grow without it |
| Grow only in absence of oxygen because they lack the enzymes needed to breakdown harmful oxygen species | Obligate Anaerobe Example Tetanus (clostridium tetani) |
| Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase | Enzymes of obligate aerobes necessary to breakdown harmful oxygen species. |
| What happens during Binary Fission | |
| Obligatory, both organisms depend on each other and both benefit | Mutualism |
| Commensal benefits, other member not harmed | Commensalism |
| Dependent & Benefits, host is harmed | Parasitism |
| Member cooperate, and share nutrients but not necessary for survival | Synergism example gum disease |
| Mixed communities of different kinds of bacteria that are attached to a surface and each other | Biofilms (tooth and lung tissue) |
| Stage of normal growth curve where flat period of growth where growth is slow needs time to adjust and time to start growing | Lag Phase |
| Stage of normal growth curve where growth increases geometrically | Exponential Phase (LOG) |
| Stage of normal growth curve where cell birth and death rates are equal and division rate slows | Stationary Phase |
| Stage of normal growth curve where cells begin to die due to build up of waste | Death Phase |
| 5 Types of microorganisms | Bacteria, Algaea, Fungi, Helminths, Protazoa |
| Semmelweis and Oliver Wendell Holmes | Importance of aseptic and technique and hand washing by physicians attending patients. |
| The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life. | Spontaneous Generation |
| Order of classification from largest domain to smallest species | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species |
| Primary, Mordant, Decolorizing, Basic Dye | |
| Positively Charged Dye | Basic |
| Negatively Charged Dye | Acidic (repelled by the cell) |
| Sensitive to PCN | Gram Positive |
| PCN resistant | Gram Neg |
| Colony | Clusters of cells arising from multiplication of a single cell. |
| Lower wave lengths of light | Give Better resolution |
| Flagella function | Motility, Locamotion |
| Cilia only found in | Eukaryotic Cells |
| Chitin or Cellulous | Eukaryotic Fungi Cells |
| Protazoa & Helminths | Don't have Cell Walls |
| Unicellular & Bud | Yeast |
| What Kind of Microbe causes Malaria | Protazoa (Genus Plasmodium) |
| Acellular and Need a Host to reproduce | Viruses |
| Simple Diffusion | > density or concentration to < density or concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Requires transport proteins, Needs carrier molecule > to < |
| Active Transport | Requires ATP/energy and transport proteins. Cells transport substance from lower to higher. |
| Optimal for Human Pathogens | 30 - 40 |
| Prefer higher concentrations of Salt | Halophiles |
| Grows in range 0.1 to 20% NaCl | Staphylococcus Aureus |
| Resistant to salt | Halophiles |
| Binary Fission | 1 Young Cell Chromosomes replicated, 2 Protein band center of cell, 3 Septum Formation Begins, 4 Complete Seperation |
| Salt & Sugar | Hypertonic which helps preserve food |
| Quorum Sensing | Used by bacteria to interact with members of same species and other species close by. |
| Sanitization (decontamination) | REDUCING the number of microbes on a surface. |
| Sterilization | Removal of all forms of life in specific areas |
| Disinfection | Using chemicals to remove microbes or pathogens from surfaces |
| Antisepsis | Removal from microbes from LIVING TISSUE |
| Bacteriostasis | Stasis= stand still= (cold temperatures) |
| Anti-Septic | Chemical agents applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin), wounds and surgical incisions to prevent vegetative pathogens. DOES NOT WORK ON SPORES |
| Biocide- | Chemical that destroys/kills a microorganism |
| How does Dry heat kill/inhibit microbes? | hot air or an open flame- ranges from 160 degrees Celsius to 1000+ degrees Celsius = dehydrates the cell, denatures proteins = loss of electrons. |
| How does Moist heat kill/inhibit microbes? | Hot water, boiling water, or steam. Between 60 -135 degrees Celsius. = coagulates and denatures proteins. |
| How does Cold treatment kill/inhibit microbes? | slows the growth of cultures = will continue to grow if the temperature is increased. (bacteriostasis) |
| Phenol- Carbolic acid | In HIGH concentration- they are cellular poisons, disrupting cell walls and membranes and proteins. In LOWER concentration- they inactivate certain critical enzyme systems. |
| Chlorine | Denatures enzymes permanently and suspends metabolic reactions |
| Alcohol | concentrations of 50% or higher dissolve membrane lipids and disrupt cell surface tension and compromise membrane integrity. |
| Iodine | interferes with a variety of metabolic functions, interferes with the hydrogen and disulfide bonding proteins. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | Oxygen forms free radicals, which are highly toxic and reactive to cells |
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