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AP Biology- Unit 9
AP Biology- Unit 9 - Chap 22/23/13- Phylogeny/Viruses/Bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species |
| Systematics | Connects classification |
| History of life of Earth is punctuated by | mass exinctions. |
| Morphological & molecular homologies | Similiarities based on shared ancestries. |
| 3 types of systematics | Hierarchical system, Linnaean system, binomial system |
| Cladograms in phylogeny | Patterns of shared characteristics. |
| Molecular clock | Rate of change is calculated and then extrapolated back. |
| 3 Domains of Universal Tree of Life | Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea |
| 1st virus discovered in plants (1800's) | Tobacco mosaic virus |
| Viral envelope | Derived from host cell membrane. |
| Generalized viral life cycle | Parasites, Entry, Assimilation, Self assembly |
| Bacteriophages example | Phages that infect E. coli |
| Viral hosts | Each type of virus can infect & parasitize only a limited range of host cells. |
| Natural selection | Favors phage mutants resistant to bacterial defenses. |
| Retroviruses | Host's RNA polymerase now transcribes viral DNA into viral RNA molecules. |
| HIV | Envelopes weith glycoproteins for binding to specific WBC. |
| What does Transcription produce in an HIV infection? | More copies of viral RNA. |
| Most tumor viruses probably cause cancer only | in combination with other mutagenic events. |
| Viruses that mutate & "jump" host | Hanta virus, Ebola virus |
| Classification - New 3 Domain system | Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Eukaryotes |
| In Prokaryotic metabolism, how do bacteria get their energy & nutrients? | Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs |
| Why does life on Earth depend on bacteria? | It's a decomposer and nitrogen fixation. |
| How do cells vary the amount of specific enzymes? | By regulating gene transcription. |
| Operon example | Enzymes in a biosysnthesis pathway. |
| Tryptophan operon | binds allosterically to regulatory protein. |
| Operons produce enzymes only | when nutrient is available. |
| Which taxa contains organisms that are most distantly related? | Class |
| What characteristic to prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? | Kinds of nucleotides in their DNA. |
| Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by what characteristics? | Structure of flagella, ribosomes, and chromosomes. Also, methods of cell division. |
| Organisms that are photosynthetic. | Cyanbacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, Phaeophyta |
| An organism that isn't photosynthetic. | Foraminifera |
| Examples of mutualism. | 1) lichens, 2) mycorrhizae, 3) nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules, and 4) zooflagellates that live in the guts of termites |
| Not an example of mutualism. | Plasmodial slime molds |
| Asexual reproduction in fungi is carried out by | conidia. |
| Angiosperms differ from all other plants because | they produce fruits. |
| The deuterostomes differ from protostomes in what way? | 1) Early cleavages of the zygote, 2) ultimate function of the opening to the archenteron, 3) embryonic origin of the mouth, and 4) embryonic origin of the coelom |
| Both deuterostomes and protostomes have | three germ layers in the developing embryo. |
| What characteristics do roundworms have? | 1) a pseudocoelom, 2) bilateral symmetry, 3) a mesoderm germ layer, 4) an ectoderm germ layer |
| Roundworms do not have | a notochord. |
| A characteristic common to all chordates that is lacking in other animal groups is | the appearance of pharyngeal gill slits. |
| The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms is | taxonomy. |
| Closely related genera may be grouped together in a single | family. |
| Related classes are grouped together in the same | phylum. |
| In the six-kingdom system, the kingdom that includes the protozoa is | Protista. |
| A taxon that contains a recent common ancestor and all its descendants is | monophyletic. |
| Using DNA as a molecular barcode | could help taxonomists identify and describe new species. |
| The conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals that to plants was based in large part on comparing | ribosomal RNA sequences. |
| Some systematics classify crocodiles and birds in the same taxon because they are monophyletic. These systematists follow which approach? | Cladistic |
| When cladists use the principle of parsimony, they | choose the simplest explanation to interpret the data. |
| The genome of a virus consists of | DNA or RNA. |
| The capsid of a virus consists of | protein. |
| The correct sequence in viral reproduction is | attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, release. |
| Peptidoglycan is a chemical compound found in the cell walls of | most Eubacteria. |
| In conjugation, two bacterial cells of different mating types come together, and | genetic material is transferred from one to another. |
| The majority of heterotrophic bacteria are | free-living saprotrophs. |
| Bacteria that thrive in puncture wounds are likely to be | obligate anaerobes. |
| Bacteria that are autotrophs | manufacture their own organic molecules from simple raw materials. |
| What group of bacteria contains the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that causes botulism? | Clostridia |
| A mutation that inactivates the repressor gene of the lac operon results in | the continuous transcription of the structural genes. |
| An mRNA molecule transcribed from the lac operon contains nucleotide sequences complementary to | structural genes coding for enzymes. |
| What is typically absent in bacteria? | Enhancers |
| What is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in both bacteria and eukaryotes? | Promoter |
| What is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in eukaryotes, but not bacteria? | Enhancers and transcription factors |
Created by:
crescenti
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