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BSC 2011
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4.6 BYA | sun and planets form |
| 4.6-3.9 BYA | meteoritic bombardment and heavy volcanic activity |
| 3.9 BYA onwards | reducing atmosphere (high in hydrogen content, no free oxygen, thick with water vapor); cells form |
| reducing atmosphere experiment | hypothesized by Oparin-Haldane but tested by Miller and Urey which resulted in the formation of organic compounds. |
| deep sea vents | life around vents relies on sulfur for energy, not the sun |
| galactic dust | 10-15% contains organic molecules |
| four steps for the first cell: | Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules; monomers join to form polymers; self replication; polymers packed into protobionts (using clay as lattice structure) |
| coacervates | droplet of protein/carbohydrate formed abiotically that can self replicate and metabolize |
| stromatolites | rock-like structures comprised of photosynthetic bacteria and sediment; saturates the ocean with O2; rise of aerobic metabolism |
| endosymbiotic model | prokaryotes enter host undigested; host gain advantage; merge to form single organism |
| 2.7 BYA | three domains are firmly established, multicellularlity developed multiple times |
| mass extinctions | 5 major ones; most famous is at the end of the Cretaceous Period; possibly in 6th major mass extinction? |
| plate tectonics | driving biodiversity because the earth is changing shape |
| mechanisms of evolution | migration (gene flow); mutation; genetic drift; natural and sexual selection; |
| locus | specific location of a gene/DNA sequence on a chromosome |
| allele | a variant of a DNA sequence/locus |
| directional selection | shifted to one end of the graph |
| disruptive selection | shifted to both ends of the graph |
| stabilizing selection | shifted to the middle of the graph |
| hardy weinberg equilibrium theorem | allele and genotype frequencies remain constant in a population between generations |
| ingredients of biodiversity | new breeding population; reduced gene flow; time |
| prezygotic barriers | habitat isolation; temporal isolation; behavioral; mechanical; gamete isolation |
| postzygotic barriers | reduced hybrid viability; reduced hybrid fertility; hybrid breakdown |
| species | groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (doesn't apply to asexual organisms, fossils) |
| allopatric speciation | geographic separation restricts gene flow (river formation, islands) |
| sympatric speciation | biological factors reduce gene flow (shift in habitat or mate preferences) |
| anagenesis (gradualism) | gradual transition of one species into another (darwin) |
| cladogenesis (punctuated) | branching of one or more new species from a parent species (gould) |
| evolution | change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
| microevolution | evolution within a population or species; occurs on a generational time scale |
| macroevolution | evolution across species; occurs on a geological timescale |
| systematics | the study of biological diversity and its origins and history |
| phylogeny | pattern of lineage branching that represents the evolutionary relatedness among organisms |
| root | basal common ancestor |
| internal node | last common ancestor |
| terminal node | extant species |
| igneous rock | (cooled magma) provides absolute age |
| sedimentary rock | (sediments) provides relative age |
| metamorphic rock | (altered igneous and sedimentary) provides confusion |
| homology (homologous) | structures that have shared evolutionary origin |
| homoplasy (analogous) | structures that appear similar, but do not share a common evolutionary origin |
| convergent evolution | phenomenon where two distinct species independently evolve similar traits |
| synapomorphy | shared derived character (new) |
| plesiomorphy | ancestral character (old) |
| autapomorphy | unique derived |
| out-group | reference group to help uncover evolutionary relationships within the in-group |
| monophyletic | group consisting of ancestor and all descendants |
| paraphyletic | group consisting a single ancestor and most descendants |
| polyphyletic | group consisting of multiple descendants but no ancestor |
| cladograms | branch length arbitrary |
| phylograms | branch length indicate number of differences |
| ultrametric | branch length indicates time since divergence |
| parsimony | the phylogentic hypothesis requiring the least number of evolutionary "events" is likely correct |
| molecular clocks | technique used to relate molecular differences between two lineages to their absolute time since divergence. assumes constant mutation rate. |
| virus | simply genes in protein coat that lack metabolic/replication machinery; therefore, aren't cellular life. |
| discovery of viruses | tobacco plants were infected with sap was thought to be bacteria but needed a host to replicate |
| viral structure | helical (rod); icosahedral (spherical); enveloped (helical/icosahedral); complex (robotic) |
| capsid | outer shell of virus |
| capsomer | function unit of capsid (self assembles to form capsid) |
| lysogenic | cell continues to reproduce with viral DNA |
| lytic | cell bursts; releasing new viruses |
| origin of viruses | progressive (viruses have evolved to escape their cellular genome); regressive (viruses are degenerate parasites that have eliminated unnecessary features); virus first (originated independent of cells) |
| viroids | small circular single-stranded DNA; cause plant diseases (Hep D) |
| prions | misfolded proteins; cause degenerative neural diseases (mad cow) replicates like a zombie |
| LUCA | last universal common ancestor |
| prokaryotic shape | spherical (cocci); rod (bacilli); spiral (spirillum) |
| gram stain | identifies presence of lipopolysaccharides (stains gram positive bacteria because they have thin cell walls) |
| prokaryotic reproduction | ring shaped DNA; binary fission |
| transformation | uptake of naked DNA from environment |
| transduction | horizontal gene transfer between bacteria via phage virus |
| conjugation | one way transfer of genes; needs F factor to form sex pilus; bacterial "sex" |
| endospore | allows bacterium to survive harsh conditions |
| mutualism | +/+ |
| commensalism | +/0 |
| parasitism | +/- |
| pathogen | parasites that cause disease; bacteria |
| bioremediation | removal of pollutants using prokaryotes |
| antibiotic misues | one of the world's largest health problems; leads to resistant pathogenic bacteria. |
| Archaean Eon | only prokaryotes |
| Proterozoic Eon | eukaryotes evolve. |
| Phanerozoic Eon | Cambrian explosion starts |
| Cambrian Era | Diversification of species |
| Ordovician Era | small plants colonize land |
| Silurian Era | vascular plants evolve |
| Devonian Era | tetrapods evolve |
| Carboniferous Era | big forests evolve |
| Permian Era | pangea |
| Triassic Era | gymnosperms, early dinosaurs |
| Jurassic Era | famous dinosaurs |
| Cretaceous Era | angiosperms evolve. extinction of dinosaurs. |
| Cenozoic Era | mammals evolve |
| Holcrine Epoch | current epoch. |
Created by:
JacobGant
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