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Chapter 1
A First Look at Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of structure |
| cytology | study of single body cells and their structure |
| histology | study of tissues |
| gross anatomy | investigates the structure and relationship of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys |
| developmental anatomy | follows the changes in structure within an individual during the time from conception through maturity |
| embryology | concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth |
| regional anatomy | examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit- for example, the skin, connective tissue and fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck |
| surface anatomy | examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them |
| systemic anatomy | studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body. |
| pathologic anatomy | studies all anatomic changes resulting from disease |
| radiographic anatomy | studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures such as by ultrasound, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or by x-rays |
| surgical anatomy | investigates the anatomic landmarks used for surgery |
| atoms | smallest units of matter |
| molecule | two or more atoms combined |
| cells | the basic units of structure and function in organisms |
| tissues | precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions |
| organs | contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions |
| characteristics of living things | 1) organization 2) metabolism 3) growth and development 4) responsiveness 5) regulation 6) reproduction |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in an organism |
| homeostasis | control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment |
| anatomic position | individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor. head is level. arms are at either side of the body with the thumbs pointing away from the body |
| coronal plane | (frontal plane) vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| transverse cut | (cross-sectional plane/ horizontal plane) cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ |
| sagittal plane | (median plane) extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves |
| oblique plane | passes through the specimen at an angle |
| axial region | includes the head, neck, and trunk; forms the main axis of our body |
| appendicular region | or limbs or appendages |
| cranial cavity | formed by the cranium and houses the brain |
| vertebral cavity | formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord |
| ventral cavity | arises from a space called the coelom that forms during embryonic development. The ventral cavity eventually becomes partitioned into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm |
| thoracic cavity | superior to the diaphragm |
| abdominopelvic cavity | inferior to the diaphragm |
| thoracic diaphragm | a muscular partition that develops between these cavities |
| serous membranes | composed of 2 layers: parietal & visceral |
| parietal layer | lines the internal surface of the body wall |
| visceral layer | covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity |
| abdominal region | region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones |
| antebrachial region | forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist) |
| antecubital region | region in front of the elbow |
| axillary region | armpit |
| brachial region | arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow) |
| buccal region | cheek |
| calcaneal region | heel of the foot |
| carpal region | wrist |
| cephalic region | head |
| cervical region | neck |
| coxal region | hip |
| cranial region | skull |
| crural region | leg |
| deltoid region | shoulder |
| digital region | fingers or toes (also called phalanges) |
| dorsal region | back |
| facial region | face |
| femoral region | thigh |
| frontal region | forehead |
| gluteal region | buttock |
| hallux region | great toe |
| inguinal region | groin |
| lumbar region | loin |
| mammary region | breast |
| manus region | hand |
| mental region | chin |
| nasal region | nose |
| occipital region | posterior base of the head |
| olecranal region | posterior of the elbow |
| oral region | mouth |
| orbital region | eye |
| palmar region | palm of hand |
| patellar region | kneecap |
| pelvic region | pelvis |
| perineal region | region between the anus and the external reproductive organs |
| pes region | foot |
| plantar region | sole of the foot |
| pollex region | thumb |
| popliteal region | area posterior to the knee |
| pubic region | anterior region of the pelvis |
| sacral region | posterior region between the hip bones |
| scapular region | shoulder blade |
| sternal region | middles of the thorax, anteriorly |
| sural region | calf |
| tarsal region | ankle |
| thoracic region | chest or thorax |
| umbilical region | navel |
| vertebral region | spinal column |
| pleura | two-layered serous membrane that lines organs of the thoracic cavity |
| parietal pleura | the outer layer of the pleura; it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall |
| visceral pleura | the inner layer of the pleura; it covers the external surface of the lung |
| abdominal cavity | superior to the hips bone |
| pelvic cavity | inferior to the hip bones |
| peritoneum | two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
| parietal peritoneum | outer layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| visceral peritoneum | the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs |
| peritoneal cavity | lubricating serous fluid is located |
| abdominopelvic regions | nine compartments delineated by two transverse planes and two parasagittal planes |
| epigastric region | the superior region in the middle column, typically containing part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands |
| umbilical region | the middle region in the middle column typically contains the transverse colon (middle part), part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs |
| hypogastric region | the inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | superior regions lateral to epigastric region; right hypochondriac region contains part of liver, gallbladder, and part of right kidney; left hypochondriac region contains part of stomach, spleen, left colic flexure of lg intestine, part of left kidney |
| right and left lumbar regions | middle regions lateral to umbilical region; right lumbar region contains ascending colon & right colic flexure of lg intestine, superior part of cecum, part of rt kidney, part of sm intestine; lt lumbar region contains descending colon, part of lt kidney, |
Created by:
lharbridge
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