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BSC1005 CH 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cilia, and its relationship to smell? | Hairlike extensions of cells, ceaselessly waving, found in nerve cells. Binds with gas molecules to trigger scent associations. |
| Every form of life is either a ____ or is composed of ______. | cell, cells |
| All prokaryotic cells are either _____ or a microscopic form of life known as ____. All other forms of life are known as _____ cells. | bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic |
| Eukaryote in Greek, prokaryote in Greek | "true nucleus", "before nucleus" |
| DNA is spread throughout the nucleus of a _______ cell, while it is found throughout the entire _____ cell. | eukaryotic, prokaryotic |
| nucleus | A membrane lined compartment that encloses the primary completement of DNA in eukaryotic cells. |
| _____ cells tend to be much larger than _____ cells. | eukaryotic, prokaryotic |
| _____ cells are always single-celled, while ____ are often multicellular. | prokaryotic, eukaryotic |
| Organelle | highly organized structure, internal to a cell, that serves some specialized function. |
| _____ cells have only one type of organelle, while _____ have many. | prokaryotic, eukaryotic |
| What are the five large structural parts that constitute a eukaryotic cell? | nucleus, other organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane |
| cytosol | a proteinaceous jelly in which the cell's organelles are immersed, mostly water |
| cytoskeleton | internal scaffolding of the cell consisting of three types of protein fibers |
| plasma membrane | outer lining of the cell |
| The ____ is different from the cytosol, and it is the region of the cell inside the _____. | cytoplasm, plasma membrane |
| micrographs | pictures taken with the aid of a microscope |
| nanometer | nm, billionth of a meter |
| micrometer | millionth of a meter |
| The animal cell is typically about ____ micrometers in diameter. | 25 |
| The _____ contains the cells primary complement of DNA. What are its four components? | nucleus; nuclear pores, DNA, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus |
| mitochondria | powerful organelles that extract energy from food and put into a form cells can use. |
| The folds of the ROUGH _____ form a set of chambers within which proteins are _____. | endoplasmic reticulum, processed |
| All the cells structures outside the nucleus are immersed in a jelly-like fluid called the ____. | cytosol |
| What is the purpose of the SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum? | It is the production site for lipid molecules such as estrogen and testosterone. |
| Golgi complex | Sorts and ships cellular protein. |
| nuclear envelope | The double membrane that lines the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. |
| Where is DNA synthesized? | In the nucleus. |
| While DNA exists in a cells ____, the protein that DNA codes is put together in the cell's _____. | nucleus, cytoplasm |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA, copied from DNA to be sent from nucleus to ribosome. |
| mRNA is copied from ____ in the nucleus, where it then moves to the _____. | DNA, ribosome |
| Ribosome moves to the _____ where it reads mRNA instructions. | endoplasmic reticulum |
| _____ chain growing from _____ is dropped inside the _______ membrane. Chain folds in to protein | Amino acid chain growing from ribosome is dropped inside endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Chain is folded in to protein. |
| Protein moves to _____ complex for additional _____ and sharing. | Golgi, processing |
| Protein moves to ____ membrane for ____. | plasma, export |
| Protein production depends on information encoded in DNA. This information is copied on to a length of messenger ____, which then exits from the ____ through a _____. | RNA, nucleus, nuclear pore |
| ribosomes | An organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cell. |
| Function of a ribosome | Ribosome carries out DNA instructions, reading the chemical sequence and puts together amino acids specified by mRNA sequence. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | A network of membranes that aids in the processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells. |
| Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough, and what is its definition in latin? | It is studded with ribosomes. It means network |
| Steps of ribosome protein production. | mRNA docks in ribosome, amino acid production begins. Ribosome docks on ER, upon completion amino acid moves in to ER internal space. Chain folds up making protein, sugar side chains are added, and the vesicle formed to house protein while in transport. |
| Difference between rough ribosomes and free ribosomes | Rough ribosomes produce proteins that will reside in cell membranes, free ribosomes produce proteins that will be used in the cells cytoplasm or nucleus |
| nucleolus | area within the nucleus of a cell devoted to the production of ribosomal RNA |
| What is the one variety of cellular organelle that is not lined by a membrane? | ribosomes |
| transport vesicles | the membrane lined spheres that move through the endomembrane system that carry proteins |
| endomembrane system | an interactive group of membrane-lined organelles and transport vesicles within eukaryotic cells |
| golgi complex | a network of membranes that processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the rough ER. may add phosphate groups or trim sugars from proteins |
| where might carbohydrate chains be added to a newly formed protein? | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membranes that is the site of the synthesis of various lipids and a site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified within the cell |
| The lipids we think of as fats are stored in the smooth ER of ____ and ___ cells, while steroid lipds such as _____ and ____ are put together in the ____ and _____. | liver, fat, estrogen, testosterone, ovaries, testes |
| Alcohol gets detoxified | In the smooth ER of liver cells. |
| lyosome | organelle found in animal cells that digests worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell |
| A lyosome may be filled with as many as __ different enzymes. | 40 |
| What is the relationship between lyosomes and Alzheimer's? | The lyosomes are underactive so faulty protein fragments build up in brain cells, that end up dying. |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate, created by mitochondria |
| mitochondria | organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion in eukaryotic cells, generates heat in the body and consumes food/oxygen, returns small molecules to cytosol |
| cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, movement, and the transport of materials within the cell |
| size order of cytoskeletal fibers from smallest to largest | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| microfilaments | made of protein called actin, ocurring singly/bundles, involved in cytoplasmic movement and changes in cell shape |
| intermediate filaments | cytoskeletal filaments, most permanent, stabilizing the position of the nucleus and other organelles |
| microtubules | monorails of the cell in which protein vesicles move through, cilia and flagella |
| cilia | microtubular extensions that look like hair, moving back and forth |
| flagella | long tail like extensions of cells that function in cell movement, usually only singular |
| "endo" "symbiosis" | within, a situation in which two organisms of different species associate |
| rickettsia prowazekii | cause of modern typhus, closest living relative to ancient mitochondrial invaders though to invade eukaryotic cells 2-1.5 billion years ago |
| one structure present in animal cells that is not present in plant cells | lyosomes |
| structures present in plant cells not present in animals cells | cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole |
| what percentage of volume can a vacuole contribute in a plant cell? | 90% |
| What percentage water is animal cell, and what percentage water is a plant cell? | Animal cell is 70%, while a plant cell is between 90-98 |
| central vacuole | a large, watery plant organella whose functions include the maintenance of cell pressure, storage of nutrients, and the retention/degradation of of waste. pumped with hydrogen ions. |
| plant cell wall | outer protective lining composed of cellulose, 0.01 micrometers, found also in bacteria, fungi, protists, give a limit to water absorption, structural strength |
| lingnin | gives cell wall its strength |
| chloroplasts | organelles that are the site of photosynthesis in algae/plant cells, converting light in to food, most abundant in leaves. aliens like mitochondria |
| plasmodesmata | tiny channels in the plant cell wall where communication takes place between cells |
| gap junction | a protein assemblage that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells |
| Who is credited with the discovery of the cell? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
Created by:
hherbst86
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