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BSC1005 CH 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of Earth's crust is carbon, and its atmosphere? What about the organisms? | 0.05% for the crust, 0.01% for the atmosphere. Most organisms on Earth are 18% carbon. |
| What is CO2? | The carbon dioxide that plants absorb. |
| How many outer shell electrons does carbon have? | 4. |
| Carbon creates _____ bonds. | Covalent |
| Organic chemistry | Branch of chemistry devoted to the study of molecules that have carbon as their central element. |
| How many hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms does methane contain? | Methane has 4 hydrogen atoms, and 1 carbon. |
| What is C3H8, and how many atoms does it contain of what elements? | Propane. It has 3 carbon molecules and 8 hydrogen molecules. |
| Examples of straight chain carbon molecules. | Propane, methane, butane. |
| Isomers | Molecules that have the same chemical formulas but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. |
| C6H6 | Benzene, found in petroleum. |
| CH20H | Glucose, aka blood sugar |
| Functional group | A group of atoms that confer a special property on a carbon-based molecule. Often adds an electrical charge. |
| What happens when you add an -OH group (functional group) to a hydrocarbon chain? | An alcohol is formed. |
| What is -C00H and where is it found? | Carboxyl, found in fatty acids and amino acids. |
| What is -OH and where is it found? | Hydroxyl, found in alcohols and carbohydrates. |
| What is -NH2 and where is it found? | Amino, found in amino acids. |
| What is -P04 and where is it found? | Phosphate, found in DNA and ATP. |
| List examples of monosaccharides. | Glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, etc |
| List several examples of amino acids. | Arginine, leucine, glutamine, alanine, etc |
| Monosaccharides are monomers of ______. | Polysaccharides. |
| List examples of polysaccharides. | Starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc. |
| Amino acids are monomers of _______. | Polypeptides or protein. |
| What are the *9* types of protein? | Enzymes, Hormones, Transport, Contractile, Protective, Structural, Storage, Toxins, Communication. |
| Nucleotides are the monomers of _____. | Nucleic acid. |
| What are examples of nucleic acid? | DNA, RNA, etc |
| Carbohydrates always contain ______, ______, and _____. They also usually contain twice as many ______ as ______ atoms. | Carbohydrates are organic molecules that always contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They usually contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. |
| What is C6.H12.06? | The carbohydrate glucose. |
| Maltose can be split apart to yield 2 _____ molecules. | Glucose |
| What functional group is present in both glucose and maltose? | -0H, also known as hydroxyl. |
| What does "saccharide" mean in latin? | Sugars |
| What are the four types of complex carbohydrates? | Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. |
| Where is starch found? | In plants, such as potatoes, rice, carrots. |
| Where is glycogen found and what is it broken down in to? | In animals, and it is broken in to glucose. |
| What is possibly the most abundant carbohydrate on earth and where is it found? | Cellulose, and trees, cotton, and leaves are made largely of it. |
| What carbohydrate is found in the exoskeleton of crabs and roaches? | Chitin. |
| What two carbohydrates are seen in a straight molecular chain, and what two are in a more complex structure? | Chitin and cellulose are usually in a straight chain, while starch and glycogen are more complex. |
| What is the most defining characteristic of lipids? | They do not readily dissolve in water. |
| What elements are lipids made of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| Lipids have much more ____ in comparison to oxygen. | Hydrogen |
| What is stearic acid? | A fatty acid found in animal fat. |
| What is the most common kind of lipid? | A glyceride lipid. |
| A glyceride lipid is a molecule in two parts. What are they? | The first part is a head composed of the alcohol glycerol, the second part is one or more fatty acids. |
| What is a triglyceride? List an example. | A triglyceride is a lipid molecule with a glycerol head attached to three fatty acids, resembling a fork. Tristearin and butter. May or may not be the same fatty acids. |
| What is a diglyceride? A monoglyceride? | A diglyceride is two fatty acids attached to a glycerol head, and a monoglyceride is one. |
| What is a fatty acid? | A fatty acid is a molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group. (-C00H) |
| List three kinds of fatty acids, and what kind of fat they are. (poly, mono, etc) | Palmitic acid (saturated), oleic acid (monounsaturated), and linoleic acid (polyunsaturated). |
| A _____ fatty acid has no double bonds, a _____ fatty acid has one double bond, and a _____fatty acid has more than one. | Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated |
| A saturated fatty acid is saturated with what kind of atoms? | Hydrogen |
| What is the liquid form of fat? How does saturation affect this? | Oil. Unsaturated fats stick out at varying angles molecularly, so they liquefy more easily. |
| What are fats broken down in to upon consumption? | Glycerol and fatty acid. |
| Carbohydrates are broken in to _____ by the body. | Glucose |
| If the body doesn't need energy immediately, glycerol and fatty acids will be converted in to _____. | Triglycerides |
| ______ are a class of lipids that have 4 carbon rings. | Steroids |
| What are some examples of well known steroids? | Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen. |
| ______ is a steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of animal cells. | Cholesterol |
| True or false? Phospholipids are a triglyceride. | False. Phospholipids have only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol head, and have a third phosphate group attached, -OH (hydroxyl) |
| Phosphates are hydro____. | philic, bonds with water |
| Wax | A lipid composed of a single fatty acid linked to a long-chain alcohol, creates a barrier |
| Omega-3s are an example of what kind of fat? | Polyunsaturated. |
| What is the difference between HDLs and LDLs and which should you avoid? What determines their densit | HDLS are high density and better for you. Their density is determined by the ratio of lipid to protein in them. HDLs have a higher ratio of protein to lipids, LDLs the opposite. |
| Olive oil contains _____ that helps lower cholesterol. | Oleocanthenol |
| Hydrogenation | The process in which hydrogen is bubbled in to mono or polyunsaturated oils. |
| Hemoglobin is an example of ____ protein. | transport |
| Myosin and actin are examples of _____ protein. | contractile |
| Polypeptide | A string of amino acids linked in a linear fashion |
| A 3d structure of polypeptide chains create a ____. | protein |
| All amino acids have a _____ and a ____ attached to a central _____. | All amino acids have a amino and a carboxyl attached to a central carbon. |
| There are __ primary amino acids. | 20 |
| The stringing of amino acids happens when the ___ group attaches to the ____ of another. | carboxyl, amino |
| What are the four levels of structure in proteins? | Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary. |
| Primary protein structure | A simple sequence of amino acids in a straight chain. |
| Secondary protein structure | alpha helix, such as hair, nails, horns. beta sheets, such as silk. |
| Tertiary protein structure | folded polypeptide chain, may be composed of multiple alpha helixed and beta cheets. |
| Quaternary protein structure | several polypeptide chains, such as hemoglobin. |
| Lipoproteins, definition and purpose | Molecules that are a combination of lipids and proteins. Transport molecules, such as HDLs and LDLs. |
| What is a substance that is a combination of proteins and carbohydrates, and where are they found? | Glycoproteins, found in cell receptors. |
| What are the building blocks of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides. |
| What does DNA stand for? What is its purpose? | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Contains information for the production of proteins. |
| What does RNA stand for and what is its purpose? | Ribonucleic acid, composed of nucleotides, carries DNA information to protein production areas, or it helps make ribosomes. |
| DNA is a molecule in 3 parts: a ____ group, a sugar known as _____, and one of four ____ bases: ______, ______, ______, and ______. | DNA is a nucleotide containing a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine. |
| The ____ and ____ components of the DNA nucleotides link to one another to form the outer rails of the DNA molecule. | sugar and phosphate |
| Two chains of nucleotides are linked to form DNAs double helix via _____ bonds. | hydrogen |
| Glucose is a _____saccharide. It is a source for _____. | mono, energy |
| Sucrose is a _____saccharide. | disaccharide, also an energy source |
| List three examples of polysaccharides. | Starch, cellulose, and chitin. |
| What kind of lipids do butter and oil create? | Triglycerides |
| Cholesterol is an example of a _____ lipid. What are its functions? | Steroid. Fat digestion, hormone precursor, cell membrane component |
| Phospholipids have a polar ____ and a nonpolar ___. | head, tail |
| What kind of protein is sucrase, and what does it break down? | Enzymatic, breaks down sugar |
Created by:
hherbst86
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