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med immunology 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the factors which make the substance antigen | Foreignness, high molecular weight, chemical complexity, degradability & interaction with the host's MHC |
| Antigen must be chemically foreign and different from the ___________. | self antigens (MHC) |
| The more foreign the antigen to the host the more ____________ it is. | immunogenic |
| Molecules less than 1000 daltons | not immunogenic, penicillin, aspirin |
| Molecules between 1000-6000 daltons | may or may not be immunogenic, insulin |
| Molecules over 6000 Daltons | tend to be immunogenic, albumin |
| _______ are typically compounds with small molecular weights and simple structure and usually not immunogenic. | haptens |
| When haptens become very immunogenic? | when they are conjugated |
| List 4 routes of antigen exposure/administration. | subcutanous, oral, intravenous, respiratory |
| Which routes of antigen exposure provides highest level of immune reaction? | subcutaneous |
| what is the reaction of intravenous exposure? | When antigens enter intravenously, they first go to the spleen and produce tolerance unless they encounter an APC. After they encounter an APC, they induce immune reaction. So it will not so severe immune response. |
| subcutaneous exposure causes the greatest immune reaction because of the presence of __________ which reside in _____________. | Langerhans cells, the hypodermis of subQ layer. Langerhans cells are APCs. |
| Where is the site that antigen presentation takes place in subcutaneous exposure? | lymph nodes in the subQ layer |
| Oral exposure to antigens usually produces an immune response caused by the antibodies in the lymph nodes of the _________________ in the __________. | Lamina propia, GI tract |
| What symptoms of primary exposure of oral exposure cause? | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
| During primary oral exposure symptoms are occurring, often _________ to the antigen may be produced in subsequent oral exposures. | tolerance |
| Which route of exposure usually produce allergic reactions/type1 hypersensitivity? | respiratory exposure |
| The part of the antigen that binds with the antibody is called ___________ or __________. | epitope, antigenic determinant site |
| The average size of an epitope is ____________. | 5-7 amino acids |
| In general, the more ________ and _______ on the surface of a pathogen or immunogen causes more severe immune reaction. | antigens, epitopes |
| Why cold virus cause a lot of trouble? | Because they have many epitopes/antigens and body cannot recognize all. |
| The part of the antibody that recognizes and binds with the antigen is in the _____________ region of the antibody aka __________________. | hypervariable region, Antigen binding fragment(FAB) |
| The specific regions in FAB that bind the antigens are known as __________________. | Complementarily Determining Region(CDR) |
| Each CDR is also called __________, and it binds with the __________ of the antigen. | paratope, epitope |
| Antibodies bind to ________ antigens, typically ________ and ____________. | hydrophilic, Polysaccharides, soluble proteins |
| T cells bind _____________ and then take care of _______________antigens. | APCs, hydrophobic protein |
| ___________ usually are not processed by APCs, thus do not bind or activate T cells. | polysaccharides |
| List 5 major classes of antigens | liporoteins, glycolipids, nucleic acids conjugated with proteins, carbohydrates/polysaccharides, proteins |
| A ________ is a chemically modified toxin that can be used to cause a similar immunogenic reaction and used to make vaccines. | toxoid |
| Why chemically modified toxin can be used for vaccine? | Because chemically modified toxin, toxoid, share similar epitopes of original toxin and cause similar immunologic reaction. But toxoid reaction is much less severe. |
| Which type of antigen? extracellular microbes. Originate from outside of the host cell and reside in the extracellular space. Majority of microbes. | Exogenous antigens |
| Which type of antigen? Intracellular microbes. Invade the inside of the host cell. Most viruses and a few bacteria such as Richettsia | Endogenous antigens |
| abnormal & mutated antigens of the host cell that trigger immune response and cause allergic reactions and autoimmune disorders such as lupus, multiple sclerosis and diabetes type1. | autoantigens |
| which type of antigen? cell surface makers of one individual that are antigens to another of that same species. | alloantigens |
| __________ are compounds that are added to immunogens such as vaccines in order to __________ their immunogenic response. | adjuvants, accelerate |
| Adjuvants speed up the function of _______,production of ___________, and longevity of vaccines in the host. | APC, cytokines |
| example of adjuvants? | caluminum hydroxide, caluminum phosphate |
| TCR do not directly bind epitopes of antigens, and require the mediation by _______. | APCs |
| APCs process an present epitopes on their surfaces using their _____. | MHC |
Created by:
hiroko lucky2
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