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BIO1404 ttu
BIO AND ECOLOGY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1) define the process of natural selection | in nature pop. vary. variation is genetic. 1. Traits are heritable 2. These traits help effect the survival, fecundity, and the ability to mate THEN the frequency of these traits should increase within the population over generations |
| explain why organisms are not perfectly adapted to their environment | environment is constantly changing. natural selection is an editing process not a creating one. and what is adaptive in one environment is mal adaptive in the other (think peppered moths) |
| explain why natural selection is expected to produce selfish traits | evolution is about sex and not dying. (sex meaning passing on ones genes. |
| Directional selection | Average favors one extreme (chicks dig tall guys) |
| stabilizing selection | average grows towards the medium (graph becomes more narrow ) MAINTAINS AVERAGE |
| Disruptive selection | average favors both extremes (tall and short but no medium) black and white but no tan |
| directional stabilizing and disruptive selection all do what ? | decrease variation |
| Fitness | sex (passing on genes) and not dying |
| Total fitness = | individual fitness + inclusive fitness. |
| Inclusive fitness | Genes that are passed on by helping your close relatives to reproduce are known as "inclusive fitness". |
| altruistic trait | traits that increase the survival of the recipients at a cost to the actor. |
| selfish trait | Increase Fitness (sex and not dying) of individual |
| Kin selection | Hamiltons RULE sum of n + B * r > C B can be in survival or reproduction 1= idnentical twin. 1/2 sister/mom 1/4 neice nephew unlce 1/8 cousins. |
| reciprocal altruism | Long term association of two individuals where one reduces his odds of survival with the promise of receiving a similar benefit from that individual. |
| Requirements for reciprocal altruism | Smarts (ask any 3 year old) must be able to remember who owes them what and how helping them benefits them in the long run (foresightish?) Group/social creatures (such as humans/mammals) fish aligators birds. LONG LIVES!!!! RELATEDNESS NOT INVOLVED ! |
| cheater in a reciprocal altruism | individuals in a group who accept altruistic acts but never reciprocate them. Humans are great at this as both being a cheater and identifying cheaters played a role in the development of our super badass brains that we have. |
| cultural selection and meme theory | Ideas such as democracy right and wrong etc. can replicate just like dna can and the "most fit" ideas have the most sex and live the longest. |
| define b | per capita birth rate (b=B/N) |
| Define d | per capita death rate d=D/N |
| Define r | per capita growth rate. r=b-d or r=dn/dt / N (in graphing exponential growth r is a constant) |
| B | Population birth rate # of births per per sum amount of time (individuals/time) |
| D | Population Death rate. Deaths/time |
| dN/dt | population growth rate (rise/run) |
| N | population size |
| Trivers' ideas about how human psychology | • Guilt/forgiveness • Sympathy/Gratitude all originated from reciprocal altruism as well as our massive brains (again mentally taxing to work with others, however SERIOUS survival benefits) |
| the two-fold costs of sex" | Evolution is all about sex and not dying. Sexual reproduction only enables an individual to pass on 50% of his DNA as apposed to asexual which is 100%. TWO FOLD COST ONLY APPLIES TO FEMALES! |
| benefits of sexual reproduction including adaptation to environmental uncertainty and fighting disease | SEX SCRAMBLES OUR IMMUNE SYSTEMS which enables us variation against bac. and viruses (who only have mutation to get variation ) (independent assortment alone is like 6million different combinations) PLUS crossing over. PLUS those gametes make a zygote |
| problem of the evolution of antiobiotic resistant microbes | when we see a rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria. a mutation has been introduced to the population |
| 1 of 4 causes of antibiotic resistance | 1. Misuse by physicians. Dr prescribe antibiotics regularly for patients despite the uncertainty of weather the infection is bacterial or viral. |
| 1 of 4 causes of antibiotic resistance | 2. Proactive attitude of physicians leads to antibiotics being used in tandem with any immunosuppressant drug (steroids) |
| 1 of 4 causes of antibiotic resistance | 3. Livestock are feed antibiotics to ensure they do not get sick. (if your pig dies that’s like 500$ youll never get back and antibiotics are usually pretty cheap and also helps them grow faster |
| 1 of 4 causes of antibiotic resistance | 4. Misuse by patients most patients only take the medication until they feel better and stop mid cycle. this increases the resistant population (fin. cycle would normally kill them or lower there pop. making them non virulent) |
| discus why females should be choosier about who they mate with than males | female reproductive success is resource limited. female gametes are large immobile and expensive |
| Male reproductive success is ? | Mate limited (how many chicks can he bang) this leads to intrasexual selection among males (fighting deer have big ass antlers bc of this) |
| compare and contrast male-male competition in species with internal fertilization | some species of shrip can use sperm plugs and even humans form mucus plugs. Some shrip and flies actually use their penises to remove these plugs and insert their sperm. remaining in copula or MATE GUARDING |
| species with external fertilization | male-male competition in many species of fishes has led to the production of large amounts of sperm. |
| discuss how females can determine which is the best male | 1. Resources; females choose the scorpion fly who offers them the most food. This HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH HIS GENETIC MAKEUP. Females decide the fly with the most food because the more food she eats the better her odds of survival |
| discuss how females can determine which is the best male | 2. Good genes |
| signs of good genes | • Bilateral symmetery = hot/healthy? Asymmetrical features show that at some point during our development we were exposed to some stressing factor (disease or a cougar attack whatever) and were unable to handle this stressor. |
| signs of good genes | • Low hip to waist ratio: high sex hormones in males and females gives us this additionally individuals with these feature have a low risk for heart diease cancer diabetes etc. |
| signs of good genes | • Good foraging skills (not resources ) guys who can feed themselves tend to be very good at surviving. Example being the amount of B catotene in fish guppies . |
| signs of good genes | • OLD AGE. Especially back in the before civilization day. Being old means that you were good at surviving. Especially considering that people back then fought with disease, animals, other humans. The terrain. Being old meant you were good. |
| What about peackocks? | • Mating ability (sexual ) the sexy sons hypotheisis. Big ass feathers might increase the odds of getting killed but it also increases the odds of sex. and sex>death (ask preying mantis/salmon)SEXY SONS only applies to SONS!!! |
| What about peackocks. 2? | • Handicap principle (hypothetical situation which human has better genes the guy who can outrun the bear in short and a t shirt or the guy who can outrun the bear with a 100lb pack on his back? Same thing applies to peacocks and those big ass feathers. |
| variation in female reproductive success is much less than the variation in male reproductive success. | Females don’t have to do as much work to be reproductively successful. in short guys will take anything and girls have the ability to choose the best male where as males must BE the best male |
| logistic growth model | how per capitat birth rates and per capitat death rates should vary as population size varies |
| logistic growth equation | dn/dt = r(max) N((K-N/K) |
| As population size increases, | the per capita growth rate (r) decreases linearly |
| When population sizes are smaller than the carrying capacity the per capita growth rate | is positive until it reaches k then it is zero |
| When the population sizes are larger than the carrying capacity the per capita growth rate | is negative until it reaches k then it is zero |
| per capita growth rate in exponential growth | r is a constant. therefore per capita growth rate does not change. |
| r being a constant in exponential growth is | too simple and false |
| real world example of r | r= b-d |
| exponential growth eq. | dn/dt= r*N (r is constant) r=slope |
| in exponential growth | populations never stop increasing the growth rate never stops increasing and over time the growth rate increase increases over time |
| small populations size means the r is | near the max |
| r (max) | maximum value r can have for a given species in an environment. r is higher in rainy years |
| population growth rate dn/dt | measures how populations change in size over time. The units of population growth rate are individuals per time. |
| per capita growth rate | (r) units = individuals/time/individual. Measure the rate of change in population size AVERAGED across all individuals. |
| external fertilization | sperm quantity |
| Female chooses male with ‘best genes” | Best Male Usually, males only give sperm to the female, so the only thing she gets is DNA. What makes a good gene? Genes Phenotypes Pass on genes Good genes are those that code for phenotypes that are good at survival and reproduction. |
| Pheromones | mice and even humans to some extent dont forget MHC |
| N = .5*K | dn/dt MAX |
| K | measures population size only fits graph w N |
| in logistic growth N>K | - growth equation |
| in logistic growth N<K | + growth equation |
| Exponential growth Per capita growth rate | r is constant so It does not vary over time It does not depend on the population size Because exponential growth is an unrealistic pattern of population growth then the assumption that per capita growth rate is constant may not be correct. |
| as population sizes increase the per capita birth rate should | decrease ( linear relationship) b N (real world ) |
| ow should the per capita death rate be influenced by population size | population sizes increase .(desnity dependent factors kick and and d increases |
| Describe the Graph When population sizes are small the population growth rate is small | As pop.size increase the dn/dt increases until the dn/dt reaches max when the population size is half of the k. As population sizes increase the dn/dt decreases until the N = K at which point the dn/dt = 0. As N increases the dn/dt becomes more - |
| (any population that it initially larger or smaller than k will stop growing when | it reaches k |
| coevolution | "evolutionary arms race" interactions of 2 species affect the evolutionary development of both |
| Competition is | an ecological interaction in which both participants in the interaction are potentially harmed. Competition generally results in lower survival, lower reproductive success, lower growth rates, and/or smaller population sizes. |
| Intraspecific competition | conflict over resources between members of the sAme species |
| Interspecific competition occurs | between members of two, or more, different species. |
| Interference competition occurs when | one species directly affects the ability of a another to consume resources. |
| Interference competition ex | animal may chase other individuals away from a potential food source. In some species, individuals or groups maintain and defend territories. Some plants produce allelopathic chemicals |
| Interspecific competition | competition occurs between members of two, or more, DIFFERENT species |
| Exploitative competition occurs when | consumption of a limiting resource by one species makes that resource unavailable for consumption by another. Such resources including space, food, and mates.can be intra or interspecific "I WAS HERE FIRST!" INDIRECT. |
| Predation is | broadly(+.-). an interaction between species in which one species uses another species as food. more specifically ANIMALS EATING OTHER ANIMALS. predation plays a major role in distribution, abundance, and diversity of species in ecological communities |
| parasitism vs predation | typically, a predator kills its prey more or less immediately (e.g., a shark eating a tuna or a venus fly trap consuming a fly) whereas a parasite feeds for an extended period on a living host parasitism is a form of predation |
| , herbivory | when an animal uses a plant as food. In most cases, a single act of herbivory does not kill a plant). |
| Species richness | the number of different species present in a sample, community, or taxonomic group |
| Mutualisms are | (+.+)ecological interactions between two species in which both benefit |
| 3 types of mutualisms are | 1.Trophic mutualisms are interactions in which both species receive a benefit of resources |
| 3 types of mutualisms are | . Defensive mutualisms are interactions in which one species receives food or shelter in return for protecting its partner species from predators or parasites. (nemo/ cleaner shrimp) |
| 3 types of mutualisms are | Dispersive mutualisms are interactions in which one species receives food in exchange for moving the pollen or seeds of its partner. Bees and flowers |
| commensialism | One organism benefits and the other is "meh". DIfficult to prove. |
| Sign of good health in birds and monkeys? | highly vascular areas on skin |
| In exponential growth population growth rate vs population size ? growth rate ? | increases linearly dn/dt= r*N r is the slope |
| developed nations | high rates of literacy. higher GDP. TEMPERATE climate. low b low d. Education, careers/opportunity for females. and birth control |
| developing nations | low literacy. low GDP. tropic zone (hard for mechanized agriculture to produce food) high b low d. large r |
| community ecology | how interactions 1. among species 2. between species & abiotic enviorment. effect community structure |
| 2 types of competition are | Interference and exploitative |
| Direct effect | species effect one another by interacting with each other |
| Indirect effect | species effect another by interacting with a 3rd species. ex. A+B...fucks w C |
| keystone species | a species that has a PROFOUND effect on the enviorment or community structure when added or removed. |
| mineralization and it is carried out by a variety of bacteria and fungi. | Decomposers chemically modify the nitrogen found in organic matter to ammonium ion (NH4+) |
| atmospheric nitrogen is | inert/ you cannot use it |
| where do animals and plants get their nitrogen ? | bacteria (initially)remember legumes and microrhizobium a symbiotic relationship. you eat legumes or you eat animals that have eaten legumes. = you get nitrogen which is super important to amino acids dna rna etc. |
| The ecosystem is | a community of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment such that energy is exchanged and system-level processes, such as the cycling of elements, emerge |
| Ecosystem ecology | how energy and materials move into an ecosystem, are re arranged and removed.(whos eating whom?) |
| Nitrogen fixating bacteria | ex microrhizobium found in soil, water, root nodules of legumes. convert atmospheric nitrogen into amonia (NH3) which is then converted (mixed w h20) into (NH4)amonium |
| Nitrogen fixating bacteria work due to | NITROGEN-ASE (breaks the triple bonds of N2) |
| Decomposers | protis fungi etc make amonia by munching on dead you |
| Nitrifying bacteria | take amonia (NH3) convert it into nitrate NO3 and nitrite NO2 (easier for plants to use as fertilizer) |
| Denitrifying bacteria | metabolize Nitrogen back into diatomic gas. N2 uses nitrate reductase |
| Primary producers | Convert sdolar energy into chemical energy (photons into glucose ) autotrophs. plants bac protis (foundation of pyramids) |
| Primary consumers | herbivores heterotrophs who consume plants |
| Secondary consumers | carnivorous predators. (eating those herbivores who ate the plants) |
| tertiary consumers | carnivores who eat other carnivores only present in productive ecosystems |
| detritovores | break down and eat decomposing organisms (bac. fungi, protis earthworms dungbettles ) |
| food webs | take into consideration how everything is connected. (bears can eat berries and nuts. humans eat everything, and are eventually eaten by bac fungi etc. ) |
| PHENOTYPE!!!= | ENVIORMENT +DNA!!!!!!!!! |
| wild dogs in a pack | MAY OR MAY NOT! be RELATED |
| the higher up you go on the trophic pyramid | the smaller the population will be. Billions of ants in africa, yet elephants and tigers = ENDANGERD :( |
| the nitrogen cycle | fastest in rain-forest (no gorilla fossils) |
| deforestation in tropical rainforest is stupid why? | nitrogen in soil is limited. and burning trees releases nitrogen into air |
| Granivores | Animals that eat seeds |
| Competition (simple ) | when 2 species want the same resource |
| Example of a direct positive between rodents and seeds | Increase in # of seeds = Increase in # of rodents |
| Direct negative between rodents and seeds | Decrease # of seeds = Decrease # of rodents |
| Ants and rodents have | Positive and negative direct effect relation |
| Therefore rodents and ants have an | Indirect relation (EXPLOITATIVE COMPETITION) |
| Why do rodents and ants have exploitative competition? | Rodents= nocturnal ants = diurnal (dont fight each other directly, compete w access to seeds ) |
| dn/dt vs N In exponential growth | populatin growth rate increases linearly at a constant rate (r= slope) |
Created by:
LEE ADAMA
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