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Volcanic Hazards

volcanic hazards from USGS pdf

QuestionAnswer
solid and molten rock fragments blasted into the air tephra
the largest rock fragments usually fall within 2 miles of the vent bombs
consisting of ash that can rise over 12 miles into the air directly above a volcano eruption column
prevailing winds will cause ash to travel many miles away from the blast eruption cloud
if breathed in the tiny rock particles can set like cement in the lungs or the weight of it can collapse buildings ash
cracks in the ground allow gases to reach the surface fumeroles
>90% of gas emitted by volcanoes is ... water vapour
this volcanic gas is heavier than air and can be trapped in low areas in concentrations that are deadly to people and animals. carbon dioxide
this volcanic gas is deposited with ash and can poison livestock grazing on ash-coated grass and also contaminate domestic water supplies fluorine
this volcanic gas can react with water in the atmosphere to produce acid rain sulfur dioxide
this volcanic gas can produce an aerosol high up in the atmosphere reflecting the sun's energy and cooling the planet sulfur dioxide
fast flowing, low silica lava can spread out in broad thin sheets basalt
thick, sluggish lava that only travels a short distance from the vent andesite
squeezed out of vents to form lava domes rhyolite
high-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas can move down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions where they tend to follow valleys pyroclastic flow
these low density flows are capable of knocking down and burning everything in their paths, and they can easily overflow ridges hundreds of feet high. pyroclastic surges
a rapid downhill movement of rocky material, snow, and/or ice debris avalanche
these flows of mud, rock, and water can rush down valleys and stream channels at speed and can travel more than 50 miles, like fast-moving rivers of wet concrete. lahar
water stored as glaciers or ? can provide a source of water for lahars crater lake
Created by: katurton
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