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Bio1unit2
Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lysosomes | The part of a cell that is responsible for breaking down and digesting things (can be a product of end-mem sys) -breaks down food and turns into protein |
| Vesicle | Part of the cell that transports proteins between organelles |
| Ribosomes | The part of the cell that makes proteins attatch amino acids together to form polypeptides |
| Where are ribosomes located in animal and plant cells ? | On the endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER) |
| Golgi Apparatus | Part of the cell that serves to process, packaged and export proteins |
| 3 Domains of Life (cell types) | Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaea |
| Mitochondria | double membrane organelle Carry out cellular respiration and the manufacture of ATP (whare atp is made) (Shreds Sugar for Energy) |
| Rough ER | Synthesizes proteins -gives shape to polypeptide -secondary and tretiary levels of formation |
| Smooth ER | Synthesizes lipids |
| Endocytosis | Process in which cell TAKES IN molecules from the outside by engulfing them and fusing them with its plasma membrane Reverse - Gets Smaller |
| Exocytosis | Process in by which the cell transports a protein TO the OUTSIDE of the cell via membrane vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane Gets Bigger |
| Prokaryotes | (Bacteria) -3.5 billion yrs -Have cell wall+membrane -No nucleus, but have nucleoid region -Circular DNA -No membrane bound organelles -Small Ribosomes |
| Eukaryotes | Found in: Plants,Animals,Fungi,Protists(allege) -1.2 bullion yrs -Have nucleus -Linear Shaped DNA -Have cell membrane, +/- cell wall -Large Ribosomes -Have Membrane bound organelles |
| Archaea | Organisms which domain tend to live in extreme conditions referred to as extremophiles -Halophiles (love salt) -Thermophiles (love heat) |
| Cell Membrane | Outer boundry of a cell -Selective Boundry (some get in some get out ) Every thing in a cell are made up of membrane |
| Nucleus | -Bound by double membrane call Nuclear envelope -Pores in the envelope -Whare DNA is stored -Nucleolus helps make ribosomes (chromatin found in nucleoplasm) |
| Endo-membrane System | Protein production assembly line |
| Cytoskelaton | gives support and structure of a cell -intracellular transport (roads) -Form Centriols and Spindle fibers -Form Cyllia & Flagella |
| Nuclear Envelope | Surrounds nucleus controls what goes in and out through pores |
| Cytoplasm | out side of nucleus every thing out side of nucleus but within the cell membrane including cytosal |
| Cytosal | organelles + fluid The jelly like interior of the cell |
| 4 Destinations of Protein | 1) for use in the cell 2) use in cell membrane 3)Secreted (Dumped) 4) remain in cystosal |
| 2 kinds of ribosomes | Free (float in cytoplasm) Bound (go throughout normal process) |
| Mucas-cillia escalator | cilia grabs mucus and takes it to acid to burn (stops working when you smoke) |
| Cyllia | Hairs that move the mucus found in trekeya and uterus help move mucus or egg |
| Organelles | Preform specific functions inside cell |
| What are membrains composed of | Phospholipid bilayer |
| The head of a phospholipid is ? | Hydrphyllic/Polar |
| The tail of a phospholipid is ? | Hydrophobic/non polar 2 fatty acids |
| Selective Permit able | plasma membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others |
| What can pass through Phospholipid Bilayer? | H20 CO2 O2 -small molecules |
| What cant pass through on their own ? | -Large Molecules (glucose) -Ions |
| How does Glucose get through Bilayer ? | Through Carriers |
| Vacuoles | - storage bubbles found in cells - found in both animal and plant cells - store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. |
| 4 Transport Proteins | -Channels -Carriers -Aquaponins -Pumps |
| Channels | let Ions get through membrane |
| Carriers | For large molecules (very specific right shape) |
| Aquaponins | Lets water get through membrane |
| Pumps | Actively move molecules across membrane against the [conc] gradient uses ATP energy |
| White Blood Cells | Kick out cells that are not supposed to be in the body |
| 6 Membrane Proteins | Transport Proteins Enzymes Receptors Cell Recognition Junctions Communications Junctions |
| Junctions | Where one cell is next to other cells |
| Cell Recognition Proteins | (glycoprotiens) "Id Tags" membrane carries cell-surface markers that act as id tags |
| Adhesions | TIght junctions Anchoring Junctions |
| TIght Junction | holds cells together such that materials pass through but not between cells |
| Anchoring Junctions | aka Desmosomes -connects cells together via cadherin |
| Communication Junctions | allows passage of molecules between cells to share with neighbor Gap Junctions Plasma-desmota (plants) |
| Gap Junctions | (conexons) Create a pore that connect cells -ring of proteins for sharing |
| Plasmadesmata (plants) | Channels that go though cells walls to allow them to communicate with each other |
| Plasma membrane Fluid Mosaic ? | Not all proteins are fixed into the membranes some float around |
| Diffusion | Molecules moving from high [ ] to low [ ] |
| Osmosis | specifically water going from [High]--->[Low] no energy needed |
| Solution made up of | Solute=salt,sugar Solvent=Water |
| Hypertonic | 'more solute" salt |
| Hypotonic | 'Less Solute' |
| Water always moves ? | Towards hypertonic solution |
| The farther apart gradient ? | the faster the rate of osmosis goes |
| Isotonic | When concentration is = no gradient molecules are in constant motion so water does go in and out very little by little in and out but no net change |
| [High] to [Low] | Along Gradient |
| [Low] to [High] | Against Gradient |
| Types of Molecular Transport | -movement of molecules across the membrane Passive Active |
| 3 Types of Passive Transport | Simple Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion |
| Passive Transport | No energy required No ATP Needed Along gradient (due to going from HIGH to LOW) dont take energy to fall down stairs |
| Simple Diffusion | molecules move across membrane form high to low ex(O2/CO2) Respiratory exchange |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement Across membrane that requires transport proteins (needs assistant from Transport protein) |
| Active Transport | -Requires Energy -Goes From [Low] to [High] -against gradient -requires pumps |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cant be created or destroyed . its i conserved |
| 2 Types Of Energy | Kinetic Potential |
| Kinetic | Energy of Motion |
| Potential | has potential to become kinetic (stored energy found in chemical bonds) -Energy by position (gravity) |
| Entropy (S) | unavailable energy |
| Enthalpy (H) | All of energy in a substance |
| Free energy (G) | available energy |
| osmosis always involves ? | -difference in solvent concentration -selectively permeable membrane -diffusion |
| Endergonic | Energy going in (anabolic) A+B--Energy-->AB (+)G |
| Exergonic | Energy released (catabolic) AB--->A + B (-)G |
| More energy to less energy | (-) change in energy G |
| Whats more stable Glucose or pyruvate | Pyruvate -more molecule broken down more stable it is |
| Activation energy | amount of energy needed for rxn to begin |
| Enzyme | reduces activation energy needed for rxn to complete acts as catalyst increases speed of chemical rxn |
| 2 types of Endocytosis | Phagocytosis Pinocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating -Large things |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking -take in fluids |
| Substrate | is a reactant only when interacts with enzyme -Engages active site |
| Substrate + Enzyme =? | Catabolic rxn |
| Active Site | (Butt shaped part of enzyme) that squeezes the substrate to either make or break bonds |
| Micro-enviorment | (relates to the active site) -chemical nature of active site is determined by R-groups of AA present in the active site -if hydrophilic will attract hydrophilic reactants |
| Macro-enviorment | pH, Temperature , Boiling Low pH+Boiling = Denature of a protein |
| if temp in a rxn is increased what will happen with regard to energy | a decrease in available energy |
| Inhibitor | Blocks substrate from fitting into place |
| Competitve inhibitor | Competes with the substrate for active site |
| Allostaric Site | small chip in enzyme |
| Allostaric inhibitor | goes into to allostaric site and changes shape of active site causing the substrate to no longer fit NON COMPETITIVE |
| End Product inhibition | end product of a chemical pathway allostaricly binds to the first enzyme of the pathway |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | type of endocytosis that is driven by specific receptors |
| The Endosymbiont Theory | refers to mitochondria and chloroplasts organelles -have their own circular DNA -small ribosomes -have 2 membranes,inner bacteria like -can reproduce themselves |
| Plants are better than us because | they have chloroplast that can make there own food to produce their ATP |
| Proteins built into phospholipid bilayer are | membrane proteins |
| centrioles | Every animal-like cell has two small organelles called They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide |
Created by:
osabdelr
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