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Biology 12: Unit 5
Unit 5 of bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Humans are mostly water, where can this water be found? | mostly within cells, but a smaller amount is found in tissue fluid, lympth, and blood vessels |
| What do we need blood? | it is required for body to maintain homeostatis |
| What is blood? | a connective tissue |
| What are the functions of blood? | transport (of gasses, wastes and nutrients), clotting (to seal injuries), infection fighting |
| What are the 2 main parts of blood | plasma and formed elements |
| What does plasma contain? | water and inorganic and organic substances (proteins, gases, salts, nutrients, wastes) |
| What are the different formed elements? | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| Whats is another name for red blood cells? | erythrocytes |
| what is another name for white blood cells? | leukocytes |
| what is another name for platelets? | thrombocytes |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | transport oxygen, formed in bone marrow |
| What is the function of white blood cells? | fight infection, formed in bone marrow and lyphoid tissue |
| What is the function of platelets? | funtion in blood clotting |
| What are formed elements required for? | the transport of many molecules |
| What is osmotic pressure? | it maintains blood volume which blood proteins contribute to -->the opposing force trying to force molecules into the blood |
| What is hemoglobin made of? | 4 amino acid chains -> each has iron-containing heme group which attaches ot oxygen |
| What does hemoglobin do? how? | it carries oxygen; it weakly binds with oxygen in cool, neutral conditions in the lunds and easily gives O2 up in the warmer and more acidic tissues |
| Where is hemoglobin found? | contained within red blood cells |
| What is oxyhemoglobin? | hemoglobin bound to oxygen -> bright red |
| What is reduced hemoglobin? | hemoglobin that has lost its oxygen -> dark purple |
| Explain the relationship between CO2 and hemoglobin (Hb) | it binds to Hb better than oxygen and stays bound for several hours -> can lead to death |
| Where does Hb pick up oxygen | in the lungs and releases it in tissues |
| What is blood pressure like at the arterial side of the capillary? | blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure and therefore water, oxygen and glucose tend to LEAVE the bloodstream |
| What is blood pressure like that the venous end of the capillary? | osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure and therefore, water, ammonia and CO2 tend to ENTER the bloodstream |
| What do red blood cells look like? | small, biconcave, disk-shaped cells without nuclei |
| How are red blood cells made? | made by stem cells in red bone marrow of the skill, ribs, vvertebrae and ends of the long bones |
| What determines the rate of RBC formation? | the oxygen levels in blood --> when oxygen is low, the kidneys produce a chemical called renal erythropoietic factor -> it combines with globulin from liver and then causes red bone marrow to produce more RBC |
| How long do RBC live? | 120 days then are destroyed in the live and spleen |
| What happens after and injury? | coagulation or clotting |
| What does clotting/coagulation require? | the action of platelets, prothombrin and fibronogen |
| Where do platelets come from? | fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes |
| Summarize blood clotting | 1)platelets clump,2)P&injured tissue release prothrombin activator, prothombrin is thombrin,3)thrombin is enzyme, severs a.a chains from each fibrogen molecule,4)chains form long ends of fibrin,5)fibrin entangles RBC and platelets->forms framework of clot |
| Where does cloting take place faster? | faster at warmer temp because it is controlled by enzymes |
| What is serum | plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed due to cloting |
| What does plasmin do? | destroys the fibrin network and restores he fluidity of plasma |
| What is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens? | the skin |
| What is the body's second line of defense | the blood, specifically, white blood cells and and gamma globulins |
| What do WBC look like? | largers than RBC, have a nucleus, appear white |
| What are the two main WBC? | granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
| what are granulocytes | have granules in cytoplasm and many lobed nucleus joined by nuclear threads |
| What are the different granulocytes? | neutrophils (phagocyizes primarily bacteria), eosinophils (phagocytizes and destroys antigen-antibody complexes), basophils (congregates in tissues, releases histamine when stimulated) |
| What are the different Agranulocytes? | lymphocytes and Monocytes |
| what are agranulocytes? | don't have granules, have circular or indented nucleus. |
| Where are agranulocytes produced? | in lymphoid tissue found in spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils |
| What is infection fightin by WBC primarily dependent on? | the neutrophils and lymphocyes |
| What do neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils have in common? | they are phagocytic, engulf invaders at the site of infection |
| How do lymphocytes work? | they secrete a class of gamma globulins called immunooglobulins (antibodies), that combine with foreign substance to inactivate them |
| What do lymphocytes produce? | antibodies in response to invading pathogens --> one type of antibody that is specific for one type of antigen |
| What is an antigen? | a foreign substance (usually a protein, sometimes a carbohydrate) that stimulates the release of antibodies to it. (ex. antigen could be the proein coat of a virus) |
| How to antibodies and antigens combine? | in a way that antigens are rendered harmless (fits like a lock and key) |
| What does exposure to an antigen cause? | active immunity to develop |
| What is the inflammatory response | The series of events that occur when the skin is broken due to a minor injury |
| Why is it callen inflammatory response? | because there is swelling and reddening at the site of the injury |
| What is the response designed to do? | to get the body's defense marshaled as quickly as possible at the site where they are needed. |
| What does bradykinin do | initiates nerve impulses (resuls in pain) and causes mast cells (cells that reside in tissues that is derived from basophils) to release histamine |
| What happens when bradykinin and histamine come together? | capillary enlarged and more premeable |
| How is human blood classified? | according to the ntigens present on the surface of the red blood cells |
| What is agglutination? | clumping of red cells due to the same antigen and antibody being present (can cause death) |
| What is Fetal erythroblastosis? | when an Rh negative mother has an Rh positive baby --> red blood cells from child cross over to mother and mother makes Rh antibodies, thus destroying the babies red blood cells |
Created by:
db5k
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