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Rocks and Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the processes that form minerals? | There are two processes that form minerals: through crystallization of melted materials, and through crystallization of materials dissolved in water (dissolved materials). |
| What is crystallization? | Crystallization is the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure. |
| Minerals can be made from: | Magma/lava, hot water solutions, and evaporation |
| What is magma/lava? | Magma: molten material from the mantle that is STILL underground Lava: molten material from the mantle that is ON Earth's surface |
| How do minerals form from magma/lava? | The magma/lava cools, which forms crystals. The size of the crystals depend on the rate at which the magma/lava cools. |
| What is the difference between the cooled magma/lava? | Magma has larger crystals. It has been underground, so it will take longer to cool. This will create a coarse texture. Lava cools very quickly, since it is on the surface. Therefore, it will have small crystals, which creates a glassy/smooth texture. |
| How are minerals from hot water solutions formed? | The elements that form a mineral dissolve into a solution. This solution seeps through cracks in the crust in veins. The water comes in contact with magma, which heats it up. The heated water dissolves minerals from the crust and rush upward. (cont) |
| How are minerals from hot water solutions formed (cont)? | The hot water billows out of vents and hits the cold sea. It crystallizes and settles to the ocean floor. |
| What are veins? | Veins are narrow channels or slabs of a mineral that is much different from the surrounding rock. |
| How are minerals formed by evaporation? | When solutions evaporate, the mineral/element is left behind, which are crystals. |
| What is Earth's crust made of? | It is made up of the common rock-forming minerals. |
| Are less common and rare minerals distributed evenly throughout the crust? | No. They are concentrated in certain areas. |
| What are rocks made of? | Rocks are made of mixtures of minerals and other materials, but some rocks may contain only one single mineral. |
| How do geologists classify rocks? | Geologists classify rocks according to its origin. |
| When studying a rock sample, what do geologists observe? | Geologists observe the rock's color and texture and determine its mineral composition. |
| What is a rock's texture? | A rock's texture is the size, sape, and pattern of the rocks grains. |
| What are grains? | Grains are the particles of minerals or other rocks. |
| A rock's grains give the rock its what? | A rock's grains give it its texture. |
| Grain size is.. | How big the crystals are. The bigger the crystal, the coarser the rock. |
| Grain shape is... | The shape of the grain |
| Grain pattern is... | The pattern the grains form |
| What is no visible grain? | That is when the grains of a rock are not visible to the naked eye or even under a microscope. |
| How do geologists determine mineral composition? | They cut a very thin slice of the rock so the light can shine through its crystals and examine the minerals. Geologists also use some of the tests used to identify minerals. They test the rock's surface with acid. They can test it with a magnet. |
| Origin: What are the three major groups of rocks? | Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |
| What are the origins of the three rocks? | Igneous is made from cooled lava or magma, sedimentary is made from the compression and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks are made when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |
| What are igneous rocks classified according to? | Igneous rocks are formed according to their origin, texture, and mineral composition. |
| What are the two classifications of igneous rocks? | Extrusive and intrusive |
| What is extrusive rock (give an example)? | Extrusive rocks were formed above the crust from lava. An example is basalt. |
| What is intrusive rock (give an example)? | Intrusive rocks were formed beneath Earth's surface. An example is granite. |
| What is the difference between the textures of the extrusive and intrusive rocks? | Extrusive rocks have a smooth glassy texture since they formed above Earth's surface. They cooled faster, forming smaller crystals. Intrusive rocks have a coarse rough texture since they cooled below Earth's surface. Their crystals are larger. |
| What is a porphyritic texture? | That is when a rock has both small and large grains (from when the magma cools in 2 stages) |
| What is in the mineral composition of igneous rocks? | Silica is in igneous rocks. The more silica in a rock, the lighter it is. |
| What is the use of igneous rocks? | Igneous rocks are hard, dense, and durable. They are good tools and building materials. |
| What are some specific examples of igneous rocks serving their purposes? | Basalt is crushed to make gravel. The rough surface of pumice makes it good for cleaning and polishing. Perlite is mixed with soil for starting vegetable seeds. |
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