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BIOLOGY FRES TEST #1
First test in Biology over diffusion, mitosis, meiosis, cell organelles,etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diffusion | The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrtation. |
| Brownian Movement | The movement in which everything goes in a straight line until something acts on it. |
| What is an example of the Brownian Movement? | Molecules, atoms, and ions all move in a straight path until they hit something and bounce off of it due to kinetic energy. |
| What are the factors that affect diffusion? | Concentration, Pressure, Temperature, and Size of Molecule |
| Homeostasis | An organism's ability to maintain a constant internal balance despite environmental changes. |
| How many layers does a cell membrane have? What does each layer do? | 2. The inside is hydrophilic, so loves water. The outside is hydrophobic, so fears water. |
| What does it mean to be selectively permeable? | Substances pass through the cell membrance fast, slowly, or not at all. |
| What is a selectively permeable membrane's movement controlled by? | Size of molecule, Concentration, Structure/Composition of Molecule, Conditions inside/outside of cell, Water Solubility |
| Passive Transport... | Requires no energy. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrance. |
| What are the three forms of osmosis? | Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic. |
| When a cell is hypotonic... | The fluid outside of the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, so water rushes in to reach homeostasis. The water bursts inside the cell. |
| When a cell is hypertonic... | The fluid outside a cell has a higher concentration than inside the cell so water ruches outside to reach homeostasis. The cell shrivels up. |
| When a cell is isotonic... | The cell has the same concentration on the inside and outside. The cell is in equilibrium to solution. There is little movement in our out of the cell. |
| Active Transport... | Needs energy to move materials against a concentration gradient. It is the movement from low concentration to high concentration. |
| What are the five types of active transport? | Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Facilitated Diffusion. |
| Exocytosis | When particles are expelled from a cell. |
| Endocytosis | When particles enter a cell. |
| What are the two types of Endocytosis? | Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis. |
| Pinocytosis | Small particles and liquids are engulfed by cell. |
| Phagocytosis | Large particles are engulfed by the cell. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion with help. |
| Mitosis | Once a cell reaches a certain size, they reproduce by cell division. |
| List the five phases of mitosis in order. | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. |
| Interphase | THe normal daily function of a cell. It makes proteins and enzymes. 90% of the cell's life is during this phases. In it, it makes a copy of the DNA. |
| Prophase | Spindle fibers form. Chromatin forms chromosomes. Nuclear membrane dissapears. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the centromere. |
| Centromere | The middle part connecting a chromosome. |
| Anaphase | 2 sets of chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. Centromeres divide. |
| Telophase | Last stage of mitosis. New nuclear membrane forms. Chromatin reforms. Spindle dissapears. Division is complete. |
| For plants, what happens during telophase? | Cleavage furrow forms. |
| Cytokinesis | The end of mitosis; there are two new cells |
| N | The set of chromosome. |
| Diploid | 2N=46 total chromosomes. |
| Haploid | N=23 chromosomes. |
| What is the difference between Meiosis and Mitosis? | Meiosis-Occurs in reproductive cells and is for sexual reproduction. Mitosis-Doesn't occur in reproductive cells and is for growth and repair. |
| List the levels of organization in order. | atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Made of one or more cells, organization, growth and development, reproduction, respond to stimuli, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, adaptation. |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell; provides energy for the cell. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Mail Man; packages macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell. |
| What does the nuclear memrane do? | Acts as a cell membrane, but for a nucleus. |
| Cytoplasm | The soup; what the organelles live in. |
| Chloroplast | Makes plants green. |
| Ribosome | produces proteins. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | UPS system of cells; transports things around the cell. Rough type has ribosomes and smooth one does not. |
| Vacuole | Stores materials. |
| Cell Membrane | Allows materials in and out of the cell. |
| Cell Wall | Only found in plants, helps keep a plant's structure. |
| Lysosome | Digests materials. |
| What do all cells have? | All cells have a cell membrane and cytoplasm. |
| What cell structures do all eukaryotes have? | All eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, and vacuoles. |
| What is the difference between the structure of plant and animal cells? | Animal cells are round and plant cells are square. |
| What are the three major differences between plant and animal cells? | Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Shape. |
| Why do cells have different sizes and shapes? | Because they have different functions and cell structures. |
| Prokaryote | unicellular organism with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. |
| Eukaryote | unicellular organism with nucleus and organelles. |
| Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are bigger than prokaryotes. |
| Where are ribosomes made? | In the nucleolis |
| If the eyepiece has a power of 20 and the objective has a power of 10, what is the magnification? | 200 |
| How do you find the magnification? | eyepiece x objective |
| How many cells split in meiosis? | 2 |
| How many cells are at the end of meiosis? | 4 |
| What part of the experiment do you compare to the independent variable? | control |
| Dependent Variable | Data collected in experiment |
| Independent Variable | The thing that changes in an experiment |
| What remains the same in experiments? | constants |
| Cancer | Mitosis gone wild; uncontrolled cell division |
| Metastatis | A disease that spreads to multiple organs |
| Benign | "well born" mild or non-productive disease |
| Malignant | "bad born" severe and progressively worsening disease. |
| Carcinogen | cancer causing agents |
| What are the four major carcinogens? | tobacco, charbroiled foods, chemicals, UV radiation |
Created by:
mackinja
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