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Microbiology 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| symbiosis means to | live together |
| symbiosis describes the relationship between | microorganisms and their host |
| three types of symbiotic relationships are | mutualism, commensalism and parastitism |
| mutualism is when..such as... | both organisms benefit...bacteria in the human colon |
| commensalism is when...such as... | one benefits and the other is not affected..staphlycoccus on the skin |
| parasitism is when...such as with... | one benefits and the other is harmed...tuberculosis bacteria in the human lung |
| normal microbiota also is termed | normal flora and indiginous microbiota |
| normal microbiota refers to the..without... | organisms that colonize the body's surfaces...normally causing diseases |
| two types of normal microbiota | resident and transient |
| resident microbiota are a part of the...and most are... | normal microbiota throughout ife...commensal (symbiotic relationship) |
| resident microbiota make up the | basal layer of bacteria on surfaces |
| transient microbiota sit...and can be.. | on top of the resident ..pathogenic |
| transient microbiota remain in the...before... | body for only a few hours to months...they disappear |
| transient microbiota are found in the | same regions as resident microbiota |
| transient microbiota cannot...because of... | persist in the body...competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the body's defense cells and chemical/physical changes in the body |
| transient microbiota can be removed via | hand washing |
| resident microbiota can be found in areas like the | upper resp. tract & upper/lower digestive tract, female/male urinary and repro system, eyes and skin |
| the trachea and bronchi have..compared to... | sparse microbiota...nose and mouth |
| the alveoli of the lungs have | no natural microbiota |
| in the lower digestive tract, bacteria are strictly...but some...are resident | anaerobes...facultative anaerobes |
| microbiota change as...and the flow of urine prevents... | acidity in the vagina changes during menstration...extensive colonization of the urinary bladder/urethra |
| microbiota live on the...of the skin and in the...and the... | outer, dead layers...hair follicles and pores of glands |
| microbiota are relatively | few in the eyes bec tears wash them away (lysozymes in tears break down PG in g+ bacteria) |
| acquisition of normal microbiota begins during | the birthing process |
| development in the womb is generally | free or microorganisms |
| much of ones resident microbiota are established during the | first months of life |
| opportunistic pathogens are | normal microbiota or other normally harmless microbes that can cause disease under certain circumstances |
| conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens include | immune suppression, changes in the normal microbiota, introduction of normal microbiota into unusual sites in the body |
| changes in the normal microbiota that cause opportunistic pathogens include changes in | relative abundance of normal microbiota which allows oppp for aember to thrive and cause disease |
| contamination is the | mere presence of microbes in or on the body |
| infection is what results when the | organism has evaded the bodys external defenses, multiplied and become established in the body |
| routes of entry for pathogens into the body include...which are... | four major types...skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route |
| the parenteral route is not a true...but a means by which the... | true portal of entry...usual portals can be circumvented |
| some pathogens that cross the placenta can be | protozoa, bacteria, dna viruses or rna viruses |
| protozoa like toxoplasmosis gondii in placenta lead to...in the adult and ...in the baby | toxoplasmosis....abortion, epilepsy, encephalitis, microcephaly, mental retardation, blindness, anemia, jaundice, rash, pneumonia, diarrhea, hypothermia and deafness |
| bacteria like treponema pallidum causes...in adults and...in babies | syphilis...abortion, multiorgan birth defects and syphilis |
| bacteria liked listeria monocytogenes cause..in adults and...in babies | listeriosis...granulomatosis infantiseptica, death |
| dna viruses like cytomegalovirus is usually...in daults and causes...in babies | asymptomatic...deafness, microcephaly and mental retardation |
| dna viruses like parvovirus b19 causes...in adults and...in babies | erythema infectionosum...abortion |
| rna viruses like lentivirus (HIV) leads to..in adults and...in babies | aids...immunosuppression (aids) |
| rna viruses like rubivirus causes...in adults and...in babies | german measles...severe birth defects or death |
| infection is the | invasion of the host by a pathogen |
| disease results only if the... | invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body |
| disease is also referred to as | morbidity (# of cases/week) |
| manifestations of disease include | symptoms, signs, syndromes and asymptomatic/subclinical |
| symptoms are the | subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient |
| examples of symptoms include | headache and backache |
| a sign is an | objectice manifestation of disease that can be observed or measured by others |
| examples of a sign would be | fever, chills, rash |
| syndrome is a | group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition |
| examples of syndromes | severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) |
| asymptomatic or subclinical are infections that lack | symptoms but may still have signs of infetion |
| etiology is the study of | the cause of disease |
| germ theory of disease states that | diseases are caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms |
| robert koch developed a set of | postulates one must satisfy to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease |
| pathogens cause disease by | finding portals of entry, penetrating or evading host defenses, damaging the host cells and then finally finding portals of exit |
| once pathogens find an entrance, depending on...they can penetrate or evade host defenses | number of invading microbes and adherence |
| penetration/evasion of host defenses by a pathogen happens via | capsules, cell wall components, enzymes, antigenic variation, invasins and intracellular growth |
| damage to host cells can be things like | siderophores, direct damage, toxins (endo/exo), lsyogenic conversion and cytopathic effects |
| the portals of exit are generally | the same as the portals of entry |
| pathogenicity is the ability of a | microorganism to cause disease |
| virulence is the | degree of pathogenicity |
| virulence factors contribute to | an organisms virulence |
| virulence factors can be things like | adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, antipahgocytic factors |
| extracellular enzymes do what | lyse rbcs |
| exotoxins are | released from the live organism |
| virulence factors contribute to | an organisms virulence |
| virulence factors can be things like | adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, antipahgocytic factors |
| leukocidins kill any | cell that tries to engulf it |
| exotoxins are | soluble |
| toxins are...and can be either... | proteins made and released by molecule...endo or exo |
| the exotoxins are then...following... | secreted/released into surrounding medium...lysis |
| endotoxins are the...that are part of the... | lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides...outer membrane of the cell wall of g- |
| endotoxins are...when the... | bacterial capsules and antiphagocytic chemicals (leukocidins) |
| the five stages of infectious diseases include | incubation period, prodromal period, illness, decline and convalescence |
| incubation period is the time | between initial infection and the first signs or symptoms of a disease |
| incubation period is when the pathogen follows the | part of the bacterium |
| exotoxins are...most commonly... | proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria...g+, as part of their growth/metabolism |
| prodromal period is when | mild symptoms of a disease like aches and pains occur |
| illness is the most | severe stage of disease |
| illness is when the microbe is undergoing...and producing the... | exponential growht...enzymes and toxins that result in cell damage |
| during illness,...are well defined and include... | signs and symptoms...fevers, chills, muscle pain, light sensitivyt, sore throat, enlargement of the lymph notdes, gi distrubances |
| during the illness stage...and this results in the transistion from period of illness to period of... | drugs may be administered...period of decline |
| many infectious diseases have | five stages following nifection |
| if the number of microbes continues to increase w/o an adequate defense/treatment, the illness may | result in death |
| decline is when | outward signs and symptoms begint to dissipate in conjuction w/ the decline in the number of microbes |
| convalescence is when | patients regain their strength and recovery is complete |
| the length of incubation paeriod varies depending on the | virulence of the organism |
| reservoirs of infection, most pathogens cannot | survive long outside of their host |
| reservoirs of infection are the sites where | pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
| three types of reservoirs include | animal (zoonotic), human carriers and nonliving |
| old cooling towers on buildings increased the risk of | legionnaires disease |
| zoonoses are diseases that are | naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans |
| we acquire zoonoses through various routes including | direct contact w/ live animal or its waste or through bloodsuckling arthropods |
| example of direct contact w/ live animals or its waste | anthrax and tuberculosis |
| bloodsucking arthropods would be things like...and these diseases are said to be... | fleas...vector borne |
| example of bloodsucking arthropodic disease | bubonic plague |
| humans are usually | dead end host to zoonotic pathogens |
| human carries are | infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others |
| some individual human carriers will eventually | develop illness while others never get sick |
| healthy carriers may have | defensive systems that protext them from illness |
| nonliving reservoirs include | soil, water and food |
| presence of microorganisms in nonliving reservoirs is often due to | contamination by feces or urine |
| modes of infectious disease transmission: transmission happens from either a | reservoir or portal of exit |
| three groups of infectious disease transmission are | contact transmission, vehicle transmission, vector transmission |
| contact transmission happens via | direct, indirect or droplet transmission |
| vehicle transmission happens via | airbone (dust), waterborne (stream/swimming pool) or foodborne (poultry, seafood, meet) |
| vector transmission happens via | mechanical (on insects bodys - flies, roaches) or biological (lice, mites, mosquitos) |
| methods of classification of infectious diseases are based on | the body system they affect, the taxonomic groups of the causative agent, their longevity/severity, how they spread to host |
| the body system they affect is either | local (small area) or systemic (whole body via blood/lymph) |
| the taxonomic groups of the causative agent example | staphlyococcus aureus |
| longevity/severity is either | acute or chronic |
| acute diseases have | strong symptoms but are short lived |
| chronic diseases have | less symptoms but are long lasting and possibly deadly |
| subacute disease are diseases with...and... | time course...symptoms between acute and chronic |
| latent disease is a disease that... | a long time after infection |
| communicable disease is a disease transmitted from | one host to another |
| contagious diseases are | communicable diseases that are easily spread |
| noncommunicable disease are diseases arising from...or from... | outside of hosts...opp pathogens |
| focal infections are infections that serve as a source of... | pathogens for infections at other sites in the body |
| primary infection is the | initial infection within a given patient |
| secondary infection is an infection that follows a...and is often.. | primary infection...by opp pathogens |
| epidemiology is the study off | where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations |
| epidemiology involves | tracking the occurrence of diseases |
| you track the occurrence of diseases in two ways | incidence or prevalence |
| incidence is the nhumbeer of | new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time |
| prevalence is the number of | total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time |
| occurrence also is evaluated in terms of | frequency and geographic distributing |
| endemic is a disease that...such as... | exists permanently in a particular region or pop...malaria in africa |
| sporadic is a disease that..and the prevalence is close to | occurs only occasionally in a population...zero |
| sporadic diseases are usually not | highly infectious |
| epidemic occurs when | new cases of infection exceed substantially what is normally expected in a pop |
| epidemics could be...such as a...or it could... | restricted to a specific hub...shcool or a city...affect an entire country |
| for an epidemic we need | high levels of infection that eventually level out and fall back |
| pandemics occur when an | epidemic spreads throughout the world |
| nosocomial infections occur bec of | immunocompromised patients, transmission of pathogens between people, presence of microorganisms in hosp environments |
| nosocomial infections include 3 types | exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic |
| exogenous infections involve a...acquired from the... | pathogen...health care environment |
| eoxgenous infections are things like | MRSA in icu |
| endogenous infections occur bec of a...from.. | pathogen that arises...normal microbiota due to factors w/i the health care setting |
| endogenous infections examples | UTI from catheters, subacute bacterial endocarditis after dental procedure |
| iatrogenic infections are caused by | accidental medical actions |
| example of iatrogenic infections are things like | surgeon leaving scissors behind |
| risk factors for nosocomial infections include | endotracheal intubation, bladder caths, intravenous caths, hyperalimentation(feeding tube), immunosupression, operative procedures |
| which is the most common risk for nosocomial infections | UTIs with bladder caths |
| controling nosocomial infections involves...designed to reduce.. | precautions...the factors that result in disease |
| what is the most effective way to reduce nosocimal infections | hand washing |
Created by:
handrzej
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