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Geo quizlet 1
geology take 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archbishop James Ussher | 1581-1686, Irish, proposed Earth formed in 4004 BC (creationist) |
| Nicolaus Steno | 1638-1686, Danish naturalist, considered father of Geology, primarily worked with stratigraphy, supported organic origin of fossils |
| Catastrophism | 1600s, Earth is unchanging, except for being punctured by catastrophic events |
| Tongue stones | sharks teeth, supported that these were remains of living organisms (Steno) |
| 3 laws of stratigraphy | law of superposition, law of original horizontality, law of lateral continuity |
| Law of superposition | in an undisturbed sequence of strata the oldest rocks are on the bottom for sedimentary and lava flow |
| Strata | layers of rock |
| 3 major types of rock | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| Igneous | form from molten magma/lava |
| Metamorphic | form from pre-existing rocks by heat, pressure, or fluid activity |
| Sedimentary- bio or chemical | form when minerals precipitate out of a water-rich solution ex. Chert or limestone |
| Sedimentary- Clastic | form from erosion, transport, deposition, then hardened, ex. Shale and sandstone |
| Law of original horizontality | when they are deposited sedimentary layers form more horizontal |
| Law of lateral continuity | layers continuous sideways until the edge of a basin is reached or until layers “pinches out” meaning it thins or tapers out due to lack of sediment |
| Abraham Werner | 1749-1817 German Professor of mineralogy, proposed Neptunism |
| Neptunism | universal fluid formed all rocks, 1st universal stratigraphy; generated basalt controversy, linked all layers |
| Georges Cuvier | 1769-1832, French Naturalist, catastrophist, established discipline of paleontology, principle of faunal succession, extinction of species (1796) |
| Faunal succession | organisms succeed each other in a recognizable order, but thought organisms appeared abruptly, lived unchanged, then went extinct |
| James Hutton | 1726-1797, Scottish gentleman farmer, father of modern Geology, had uniformitarianism ideas |
| Uniformitarianism ideas | present-day processes operated in the past and are the key to understanding |
| Cross-cutting layers | certain layers can cross-cut other layers(like igneous intrusions) |
| Fault | a crack where there is measurable movement |
| Dike | human created structure |
| Angular unconformity | ex. Siccar Point, Scotland, layed down, hardened, tilted vertical, then new layer formed on top |
| Zion National Park | ancient, wind-formed cross-beds in sandstone (Navajo formation) |
| Geology | study of Earth |
| Hutton’s ideas | rejected creationism saying more time was needed, topography was a result of weathering, an uplift where denudation occurs but continents are “rebuilt”, law of cross-cutting relationships, Earth changes slowly over time |
| Denudation | to wear away/lay bare |
| Where uplift occurs | may be major gaps in rock rocord |
| Intrusive igneous rocks | may be younger than surrounding rocks formed from molten material, cross-cutting relationship |
| Charles Lyell | 1797-1875, Scottish geologist/lawyer, wrote a 1830 book popularizing Hutton’s ideas and uniformitarianism, coined “present is the key to the past”, friend of Charles Darwin |
| Alfred Wegener | 1880-1930, German meteorologist, published works 1912-1915 where he came up with pangea and “continental drift”, was not believed because he couldn’t find a cause |
| Wegener’s evidence | fitting together of continents, geological data(aligning of rocks), fossil data (glassophorus), glacial data (evidence of glaciation) |
| Harry Hess | 1906-1969, subcomander in Navy, Geologist, Professor at Princeton, proposed seafloor spreading, ocean has a mountain range down its center, cold seafloor spreads down into the mantle |
| Types of ridges | North Atlantic ridge, East Pacific Rise, Indian Ridge |
| Passive margins | little activity, no trench, not a plate boundary |
| J. Tuzo Wilson | 1908-1993, credited with understanding transform boundary |
| 3 types of plate boundaries | divergent/subduction boundary or mid ocean ridge, convergent boundary, transform boundary |
| Subduction/divergent boundary or mid ocean ridge | cracking and spreading apart, Red Sea, Mid-atlantic, East pacific |
| Convergent boundary | subduction zone/ trench land ex. Andes mountains (ocean, continent), Japan (ocean, ocean) |
| Transform boundary | San Andreas Fault, most are on the sea floor, plate tectonic movements are driven by heat |
| Law of fossil succession | fossils succeed each other in a vertical sequence of rock in a definite, recognizable order, bc of evolution of life through time |
| William Smith | 1769-1833 canal surveyor, studied fossil assemblages and sequences in England, published worlds first geologic map |
| Index fossils | used to ID age, compare the relative/absolute age of rock layers and correlate rocks from one locale with another |
| Index fossil preferences | geographically wide spread, large area (esp. marine organisms), species should be short lived with little depth cause Range is smaller, distinct from others |
| Correlation | methods used by geoscientists to establish that rock units form 2 or more areas are equivalent in age |
| Formation criteria | must be physically distinct and mappable, so must be thick enough |
| Methods of correlation | marker/key bed (ex. Ash or coal), stratigraphic sequences (limestone, shale, sandstone), index fossils, unconformities |
| Principle of unconformities | gaps in the rock record over a large area common because of erosion or lack of deposition |
| Hiatus | time not represented |
Created by:
lfalkens
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