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Med immunology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are two major layers of skin? | Epidermis, Dermis |
| what cells of skin is also termed Langerhans cells and phagocytize pathogens? | Epidermal dendritic cells |
| Which layer of skin is outer layer composed of multiple layers of tightly packed cells? | Epidermis |
| Which layer of skin contains protein fibers called collagen? | Dermis |
| What is the function of collagen and which layer of skin contains it? | It gives skin strength and pliability to resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms, and is found in Dermis layer. |
| As a part of innate immunity, sweat glands secrete __________ to inhibit growth of pathogen by drawing water from their cells. | salt |
| As a part of innate immunity, sweat glands secret antimicrobial peptides called __________. | dermicidins |
| As a part of innate immunity, sweat glands secret __________ to destroy cell wall of bacteria. | lysozyme |
| What is secreted by sebaceous glands as a part of innate immunity? What function? | Sebum, It helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear, and lowers the pH of the skin to inhibit bacterial invasion. |
| As the first line of defense, what skin does? | It secretes salt, dermicidins, lysozyme, sebum. |
| What is hereditary ability and immunity that defends the body against germs? What kind of immunity is that? | Genetic barrier, the first line of defense |
| ___________ help protect the body by competing with potential pathogens? | normal microbiota (normal flora) |
| How normal flora protect our body? | They consume nutrients and make them unavailable to pathogens, they create an unfavorable environment to other microorganisms by changing pH. |
| List five components of the second line of defense. | Phagocytosis, Extracellular killing by leukocytes, Nonspecific chemical defenses, Inflammation, fever |
| _________ is the ingestion by cells of macromolecules present in extracellular fluid. | Endocytosis |
| _________ is one of the ingestion of macromolecules which involves nonspecific membrane invagination. | pinocytosis |
| _________ is one of the ingestion of macromolecules which is a process involving the selective binding of macromolecules to specific membrane receptors. | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| What substances are called that provide a signal to the phagocytes to only destroy the microbes and not the host tissue? | opsonins |
| two examples of opsonins? | antibody or complement |
| Extracellular killing is done by which cells? List three. | Eosinophils, NK cells, neutrophils (PMN) |
| What does an eosinophil do? | They mainly attack parasitic helminthes by attaching to their surface and secreting toxins. |
| What do NK cells do? | They attack virally infected cells and tumors by secreting toxins. |
| What is the function of neutrophils(PMN)? | They attack bacteria by generating extracellular fibers and chemicals. |
| What chemicals are involved in nonspecific chemical defenses? | Lysozyme, complement, interferon, defensins |
| Nonspecific chemical defenses target ______ types of germs using a _______ immune response, and _____ phagocytosis. | different, general, augment |
| Complement is consisted with ________. | complex of enzymes(serum proteins) designated numerically according to the order of their discovery. |
| Complement activation results in _____ of the foreign cell. | lysis |
| List two ways that activate complement system. | Classical pathway, alternate pathway |
| Which complement pathway is faster? | Classical pathway |
| Which complement pathway involves antibody? | Classical pathway |
| How our body's own cells withstand complement cascade? | Membrane-bound proteins on many cells bind with break down activated complement proteins |
| ________ are protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections. | Interferons |
| List three classes of interferons. | alpha, Beta, Gamma |
| _________ is nonspecific response to tissue damage resulting from various causes, which prevents the cause from spreading. | Inflammation |
| List the symptoms of inflammation | redness, swelling,vasodilation, vasoconstriction, heat, throbbing, pain |
| In two types of inflammation, which develops quickly and beneficial? | Acute inflammation |
| In two types of inflammation which develops slowly and causes tissue damage? | Chronic inflammation |
| What degree of temperature can be called fever? | over 37C |
| What chemicals trigger the fever? | pyrogens |
| Pyrogens trigger _________ to increase the body's core temperature. | hypothalmus |
| List some types of pyrogens | bacterial toxins, cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis, antibidy-antigen complex |
| Pyrogens signal for the production of __________ to secrete prostaglandin. | Interleukin-I (IL-1) |
| What does prostagrandin do? | It resets the hypothalamic "thermostat" and leads to fever. |
| Describe the pathway of fever from the production of IL-1. | Pyrogen->hypothalamus secrets IL-1->muscle constractions->increased metabolic activity->constriction of blood vessels->raising body's temp |
| What results in the body's temp returning to normal? | decrease in IL-1 production |
| List benefits of fever | enhances the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of some microorganisms, activates phagocytes, lymphocytes of the specific immunity, and the process of tissue repair |
| List the primary lymphoid organs | Bone marrow, thymus |
| List secondary lymphoid organs | Tonsils, lymph nodes, appendix, spleen, peyer's patches in small intestine |
| Lymphocytes circulate throughout the body via a process known as ________. | homing |
| Lymphocytes circulation involves ____, _____, ______,______. | lymph, lymphnodes, blood, affected cells |
| During homing, the receptors on the surface of lymphocytes interact with _______ that are located on the special cells lining in the capillaries, which are called ________, and cause ________ to move lymphocytes to the affected tissues | cell surface adhesion molecules(CAMS), high endothelial venules(HEVs), extravassation |
Created by:
hiroko lucky2
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