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Anatomy Test 1
Anatomy test: Chem, macromolecules, cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 types of tissues? | Epithelial - Skin, Connective - Binds to and supports other tissues (Cartilage), Muscle - Contractile cells that functions in movement and are electrically excitable, Nervous - Specialized cells that send and receive electrical signals |
| What is Metabolism? | The total of all chemical reactions in an organism (anabolic and catabolic) |
| What is an exergonic reaction? | A chemical reaction that is "outward energy". It releases stored energy, reactants have more stored energy than the products have, "breaking down" catabolic reactions. Ex: Cellular respirations |
| Endergonic reaction? | Chemical reaction that is known as "inward energy". It's a reaction that requires a net input of energy, products have more energy than reactants, kinetic becomes potential, "build up" anabolic reactions, synthesis reactions |
| Energy Coupling? | Use of energy that's released from a catabolic reaction to fuel an anabolic reaction. ATP is the link between catabolic and anabolic reactions. |
| Diffusion? | Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Tonicity? | Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or loose water |
| Electrolytes? | Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits. Polymers or monomers. Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Making Polymers | Dehydration Synthesis, requires cellular energy, uses enzymes |
| Enzymes | Protein catalyst |
| What are the 3 Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharide - simplest of sugars, when broken down, no longer a sugar, example: glucose, fructose, galactose. Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides bound by dehydration synthesis, example: maltose, sucrose. Polysaccharide - "complex carbs", energy storage |
| Lipids | All hydrophobic, not a polymer, types of lipids are fats, phospholipids, sterols/steroids |
| Fats (Triglycerides) | 3 fatty acid tails on a glyceride molecule, the fat in most foods we eat, main function is energy storage. Saturated - full of H ions (when there are no kinks it means its saturated). Unsaturated - tails have kinks, liquid at room temperature, from vegs |
| Phospholipids | Cell membrane. Has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Major component of cell membrane (controls flow of chemicals into and out of cell) |
| Sterols/Steroids | Function is not energy storage, but to help regulate growth and development. Lipids whose carbon skeleton is 4 fused rings, ex: cholesterol |
| Plasma Membrane | Made up of phospholipid bilayer, separates inside and outside of cell and controls what goes in and out. Components: carbs (cell to cell recognition), lipids (helps it membrane be flexible), proteins (integral and peripheral) |
| Integral (Transmembrane) | 1) receptor proteins bond to external chemicals. 2) Recognition proteins "fingerprint". 3) Transport provide a passageway for molecules. 4) Enzymatic accelerate intermolecular reactions |
| Peripheral (Surface) of Membrane | Loosely bind to the inside or outside surface of membrane. May contribute to cell shape and movement |
| Passive transport across the plasma membrane | Molecules move down a concentration gradient (high to low). This requires NO cellular energy |
| Active Transport | Molecules move against concentration gradient (low to high). This DOES require cellular energy |
| Simple Diffusion (Passive Transport) | Small molecules without any charge pass right through the membrane (ions move from higher to lower concentration) |
| Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport) | Polar or larger molecules need the help of a transport protein (requires a transport protein in cell membrane) (ions move from higher to lower concentration) |
| Osmosis (Passive Transport) | diffusion of water to equalize the amount of water on both sides of a membrane. (down a gradient) |
| Diffusion and SA:V ratio | SA:V ratio limits cell size (as cells grow bigger, volume limits faster than their surface area), If cell is too large, supply cannot keep up with demand b/c it takes too long for material to diffuse the center of the cell |
| Details of Active Transport | Molecules move against concentration gradient, requires cellular energy, requires use of a transport protein, low concentration to high concentration |
| Exocytosis | Phospholipid bilayers can merge, when a vesicle moves to the cell membrane and then merges w/ membrane releasing particles to the outside (exporting material) |
| Endocytosis | Material comes into the membrane bilayer and then you have a vesicle into the cytoplasm (the cell), importing material (white blood cell engulfing a yeast cell - looks like it eats it) |
| Cytoplasm | Everything inside the plasma membrane (cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles) |
| Cytosol | Liquid part of the cell, has dissolved nutrients, dissolved ions, proteins, ATP for cellular work |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of rods running through the cytosol that provide support and allow for movement of materials within the cell. 3 types of structure – 1) microfilaments – small. 2) intermediate filaments – medium. 3) microtubules – large (they are “tubby”) |
| Microfilaments | Smallest of cytoskeleton structure, Composed of actin, Web – like, strengthens cell’s surface and resists compression, Used to shape the cell, Used for muscle contraction |
| Intermediate Filaments | Larger than microfilaments, Composed of different proteins; varies by cell type, Most stable and permanent cytoskeletal element, Used for mechanical strength; resist pulling forces on cells |
| Macrotubules | Largest, Composed of tubulin, Functions in locomotion – Forms a framework for moving vesicles (transports stuff from inside or outside cell) within a cell – Found in membrane extensions for cellular movement |
| Celia | Short membrane extensions, Usually occur in large numbers on stationary cells, Moved by collections of microtubules, Move substances past the cell (ex. Respiratory tract) |
| Flagella | Long membrane extension, Usually only one on cell, Found on motile cells; moved by microtubules (ex. Mature sperm) |
| Celia vs. Flagella | Celia propels other substances across a cell's surface, while a flagella propels the cell itself |
| Microvilli | |
| Passive transport across the plasma membrane | Molecules move down a concentration gradient (high to low). This requires NO cellular energy |
| Active Transport | Molecules move against concentration gradient (low to high). This DOES require cellular energy |
| Simple Diffusion (Passive Transport) | Small molecules without any charge pass right through the membrane (ions move from higher to lower concentration) |
| Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport) | Polar or larger molecules need the help of a transport protein (requires a transport protein in cell membrane) (ions move from higher to lower concentration) |
| Osmosis (Passive Transport) | diffusion of water to equalize the amount of water on both sides of a membrane. (down a gradient) |
| Diffusion and SA:V ratio | SA:V ratio limits cell size (as cells grow bigger, volume limits faster than their surface area), If cell is too large, supply cannot keep up with demand b/c it takes too long for material to diffuse the center of the cell |
| Details of Active Transport | Molecules move against concentration gradient, requires cellular energy, requires use of a transport protein, low concentration to high concentration |
| Exocytosis | Phospholipid bilayers can merge, when a vesicle moves to the cell membrane and then merges w/ membrane releasing particles to the outside (exporting material) |
| Endocytosis | Material comes into the membrane bilayer and then you have a vesicle into the cytoplasm (the cell), importing material (white blood cell engulfing a yeast cell - looks like it eats it) |
| Cytoplasm | Everything inside the plasma membrane (cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles) |
| Cytosol | Liquid part of the cell, has dissolved nutrients, dissolved ions, proteins, ATP for cellular work |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of rods running through the cytosol that provide support and allow for movement of materials within the cell. 3 types of structure – 1) microfilaments – small. 2) intermediate filaments – medium. 3) microtubules – large (they are “tubby”) |
| Microfilaments | Smallest of cytoskeleton structure, Composed of actin, Web – like, strengthens cell’s surface and resists compression, Used to shape the cell, Used for muscle contraction |
| Intermediate Filaments | Larger than microfilaments, Composed of different proteins; varies by cell type, Most stable and permanent cytoskeletal element, Used for mechanical strength; resist pulling forces on cells |
| Macrotubules | Largest, Composed of tubulin, Functions in locomotion – Forms a framework for moving vesicles (transports stuff from inside or outside cell) within a cell – Found in membrane extensions for cellular movement |
| Celia | Short membrane extensions, Usually occur in large numbers on stationary cells, Moved by collections of microtubules, Move substances past the cell (ex. Respiratory tract) |
| Flagella | Long membrane extension, Usually only one on cell, Found on motile cells; moved by microtubules (ex. Mature sperm) |
| Celia vs. Flagella | Celia propels other substances across a cell's surface, while a flagella propels the cell itself |
| Microvilli | Very small and numerous, extensions of plasma membrane (no microtubules inside), function is to increase surface area, not for movement (small intestines) |
| Endocrine System | System of organelles that are structurally continuous or linked by vesicle transport, jointly functioned to: produce, store and export biological molecules – degrade potentially harmful substances |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | Continuous highly folded membrane – Contains (studded w/) ribosome – site of protein synthesis, produces and packages of proteins, vesicles carry proteins to golgi apparatus (makes proteins for many crucial places like phospholipids, "membrane factory") |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | Continuous, highly folded membrane, No ribosomes, they catalyze reactions involved with detoxification of drugs, breakdown of stored glycogen, etc. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Series of thin, stacked sacs, function to process proteins. "traffic director" for cellular proteins. It modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids made in the RER |
| Lysosomes | Membrane bound vesicles that bud off Golgi apparatus, contain digestive enzymes – digest harmful materials that come into cell, digests aged or damaged cellular parts, may release contents and “digest” whole cell (apaptosis) |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes: Oxidases – uses oxygen to detoxify harmful substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde, but most importantly neutralizes dangerous free radicals, Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochondria | Sausage-shaped membranous organelles, site of ATP synthesis and is the powerhouse of the cell |
| Why is water a good solvent? | Because it's polar, 2 charged ends are attracted to the charges of ionically bonded materials (other polar molecules) |
| Buffers | Buffers help regulate acid-base balance in body by resisting abrupt/large swings in pH by releasing or pulling H+'s |
| Denaturation | When proteins change shape, they also change their function. It is caused by changes in pH, excessive heat, high salt concentration, organic solvents (like alcohol) |
Created by:
Nswifty5
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