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Gio Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | 1) Make an Observation 2) Ask a Question 3) Formulate Hypothesis and Predictions 4) Test Predictions with Experiment 5) Analyze Data 6) Draw Conclusions Based on Data |
| Biodiversity | Variety of Life |
| Protein | macromolecule built by ribosomes, mRNA, and tRNA |
| DNA | macromolecule containing instructions for protein synthesis |
| RNA | single-stranded macromolecule used as a template for protein synthesis |
| Amino Acid | monomer of proteins |
| Nucleotides | monomer of DNA |
| Biodiversity Hot Spots | •Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems - 25 global hot spots have been identified |
| Threats to Global Biodiversity | 1. Habitat loss 2. Non-native species 3. Overharvesting 4. Pollution 5. Climate change |
| Life’s Hierachy of Organization: The Increasing Complexity | 1. Molecule 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. System 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community 10. Ecosystem 11. Biosphere |
| Level 1: Molecules | - Molecule= 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds - Smallest Level of Organization |
| Level 2: Organelle | - Membrane enclosed structure with a specific function inside cells Examples: •Ribosomes= make proteins •Nucleus= control center of cell, contains DNA •Chloroplasts= photosynthesis •Mitochondria= cellular respiration |
| Level 3: Cells | - Cells are smallest level with living properties - Cell Theory: Living things are made of cells and cells reproduce from other cells |
| Level 4: Tissues | - Complex organs are all made from same basic types of tissues |
| Level 5: Organ | Groups of tissues organized into organs with specific functions Organ performs functions tissues can not do alone Example: Heart -Cardiac muscle -Epithelial tissue lines chambers -Connective tissue makes it elastic -Nervous tissue regula |
| Level 6: System | - Coordinated activities of multiple organs - Organ systems are dependent on each other and work together to support organism •Breathing •Eating and Drinking •Moving •Growth, Protection from Disease •Reproduction |
| Level 7: Organism | -Multiple organ systems working together -Organisms’ Forms = Functions |
| Level 8: Population | Group of organisms of same species living in specific geographic location |
| Level 9: Community | -Biotic Components: All living organisms |
| Level 10: Ecosystem | - Biotic + Abiotic |
| Level 11: biosphere | All environments supporting life on Earth |
| - Covalent bonds are strongest chemical bond | |
| Ionic bonds | Ion= atom with positive/negative charge because it lost/gained an electron 2 ions with opposite charges attracted to each other and form an ionic bond Salts (NaCl= table salt) Strength based on environment Dry= solid Added to water= diss |
| Hydrogen bonds | Polar covalent bonds Attracted to partially negative atom (O or N) of different molecule Creates a weak bond |
| Life-Supporting Properties of Water | 1) Hydrogen bonds make liquid H20 cohesive and adhesive Cohesion= tendency to stick together Adhesion= clinging of one substance to another 2) Hydrogen bonds help to moderate water temperature. 3) Ice is less dense than liquid water. 4) Water is |
| pH and Chemistry of Life | pH= “potential of hydrogen” Acid= compound donates H+ to a solution Acidic solution= higher concentration of H+ than OH- Base= compound removes H+ in a solution Basic solution= higher concentration of OH- than H+ |
| Negative Effects of Acid Rain | Kills plants directly or through change in soil chemistry Lowers pH of lakes and rivers Fish cannot tolerate pH< 5 Alters soil pH Kills soil microbes Damages stone and metal infrastructure |
| Ocean Acidification | - CO2 in air is absorbed by the oceans - Reactions of CO2 with water increases the acidity of seawater - Oceans absorb ~25% of CO2 from atmosphere - CO2 interacts with water to form carbonic acid CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Result: •Increased acidity (lowe |
| Ozone | •Ozone in atmosphere is lost when reacts with natural/human- created molecules with N, H, Cl, or Br CFC- chlorofluorocarbons |
| Dehydration Reaction | –Links monomers together |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | –Breaks bonds with water |
| 3 Types of RNA | •Messenger RNA (mRNA) –Carries genetic code from DNA •Transfer RNA (tRNA) –Transports amino acids for protein synthesis - “Interpreter”- translates nucleic acids into proteins •Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –Component of ribosomes |
| Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation | - DNA goes through transcription and becomes RNA - RNA translates into protein |
| Transcription | |
| Translation | •Occurs in cytoplasm •mRNA joins with ribosomes |
| Proteins | Monomer= amino acids –Polymers- linked by covalent bond called peptide bond •Peptide bonds made by dehydration reaction, broken by hydrolysis reactions –Polypeptide: more than 2 amino acids linked together to form a chain |
| Monomer= monosaccharides | Single sugar fuel celluar work |
| Disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction Sucrose= glucose + fructose |
| Polysaccharides | Polymers of monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction |
| Energy | -Energy= ability to cause change or do work -Kinetic Energy= energy associated with motion Heat= thermal energy Solar energy= light energy from the sun -Potential Energy= energy in matter related to its position or structure Molecules have |
| Cellular Energy | -Energy transformed by cells to do work -Thermodynamics= study of energy transformations 1st Law of Thermodynamics= Energy is conserved No energy is created or lost 2nd Law of Thermodynamics= Energy conversion increases the entropy of the u |
| Chemical Reactions | Exergonic Reactions= Release energy Products have less energy than reactants Heat released to environment Example: Burning wood Endergonic Reactions= Transforms energy Products have more energy than reactants Energy absorbed from e |
| Photosynthesis | Plants are autotrophs= make own food - Producers= source of organic molecules for most other organisms - Consumers= heterotrophs= consume organic material from other organisms 6CO2 +6H20 + sunlight C6H12O6 +6O2 Endergonic reaction (sunlight) E |
| Redox Reaction= Oxidation-Reduction Reaction | - Oxidation= loss of electrons Photosynthesis- water is oxidized - Reduction= gain of electrons Photosynthesis- carbon dioxide is reduced |
| Two Stages | - Light Reactions Absorbs light, oxidizes water, makes ATP - Dark Reactions: Calvin Cycle Uses ATP from light reaction to reduce CO2 and produce sugars |
| Cellular Respiration | - C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H20 +6CO2 + ATP + Heat 3 Stages 1) Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm 2) Citric Acid Cycle occurs in mitochondria aka “Krebs Cycle” 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria Electron Transport Chain + Che |
| Cellular Energy | Photosynthesis Chloroplasts of Plants Endergonic Reaction Uses CO2 and Water Absorbs sunlight (energy) Produces glucose= energy-rich molecule Cellular Respiration Mitochondria of Eukaryotic Cells Exergonic Reactio |
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