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Special Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| receptor | any structure specialized to detect a stimulus |
| what are the classifications of receptors? (there are 5) | chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, nocireceptors |
| chemoreceptor: definition & example | responds to chemicals (i.e. smell & taste) |
| thermoreceptor definition & example | responds to hot & cold (i.e. skin) |
| mechanoreceptor definition & example | responds to physical deformation of plasma membrane (i.e. pascinian corpuscle) |
| photoreceptor definition & example | responds to light (i.e. eye) |
| nocireceptor (definition & example) | responds to pain (i.e. skin) |
| interoceptors | come from viscera (i.e. nausea & pain) |
| exteroceptors | cutaneous pain, vision & hearing |
| what are the 2 categories of senses? | general senses and special senses |
| general senses: what are they & where are the receptors? | touch, pressure, temperature, pain receptors widely dispersed throughout the body |
| special senses: what are they & where are the receptors? | vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium receptors in specific locations in the head |
| which two bones separate the 2 nasal cavities? | perpendicular plate of the ethmoid & vertical plate of the vomer |
| what forms the roof of each nasal cavity? | 1 cribriform plate (of the ethmoid) over each nasal cavity |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| which receptors are involved in olfaction? | chemoreceptors |
| where are the chemoreceptors found for olfaction? | found in extreme superior region of nasal cavity, right under the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (the 'nasal recess') |
| nasal recess | the extreme superior region of the nasal cavity, right under the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (where chemoreceptors are found) |
| olfactory epithelium | specialized epithelium (pseudostratified cliliated epithelium) found only right underneathe the cribriform plate FINISH THIS AT 7:13 |
| what 3 types of cells make up the olfactory epithelium | olfactory receptor cells, support cells & basal cells (stem cells) |
| olfactory receptor cells | 10-20 million bipolar neurons, have dendritic bulb with olfactory hairs. These axons form cranial nerve #1 |
| how many olfactory receptor cells are there? | 10-20 million |
| what kind of neurons are olfactory receptor cells? | bipolar neurons |
| olfactory hairs | immobile cilia at the end of the dendritic bulb of the olfactory receptor cell |
| what do olfactory receptor cells' axons form? | they form cranial nerve #1 |
| support cells of olfactory epithelium | ciliated, columnar epithelial cells |
| olfactory epithelium is specialized sensory epithelium found underneathe the cribriform plate. what lines the rest of the nasal cavity? | ciliated, pseudostratified epithelium (that is NON sensory) |
| basal cells (stem cells) of olfactory epithelium | turn into new olfactory receptor cells (which undergo complete replacement every 60 days) |
| how long do olfactory receptor cells live? | 60 days |
| describe the neuronal pathways for smell | axons from olfactory receptor neurons (cranial I) enter the olfactory bulb --> synapse w mitral cells and tuft cells. Olfactory stim= only type of sensory info that reaches the cerebral cortex w/o first synapsing in the thalamus. ends in olfactory cortex |
| what is special about olfactory stimulation? | it is the only type of sensory info that reaches the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus. |
| what cells do cranial #1 fibers synapse with in the olfactory bulb? | mitral cells and tuft cells |
| cranial I fibers? | they are axons from the olfactory receptor cells. |
| lateral olfactory area | portion of olfactory cortex involved in conscious perception of smell (I know I'm smelling something) |
| medial olfactory area | portion of olfactory cortex involved in emotional responses to odors |
| intermediate olfactory area | portion of olfactory cortex that aids in modulation/adaptation of sensory info in olfactory bulb. projects axons from intermediate area along the olfactory tract back to the olfactory bulb and thus modulates sensory information within the olfactory bulb |
| explain granule cells as related to modulation | granule cells are the mechanism for sensory info being modulated within the olfactory bulb (this is aided by the intermediate olfactory area of the olfactory cortex) |
| granule cells | the smallest type of cell found in the brain/olfactory bulb: an extremely tiny type of neuron |
| portion of olfactory cortex involved in conscious perception of smell? | lateral olfactory area |
| portion of olfactory cortex involved in emotional responses to odors? | medial olfactory area |
| portion of olfactory cortex involved in modulation/adaptation of sensory information in the olfactory bulb? | intermediate olfactory area |
| olfactory adaptation: what is it, why does it occur, and how long does it take? | u no longer "smell" (recognize) an odor as strongly as it was. temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound. occurs b/c granule cells=modifying. Occurs b/w 1-5 min after initial exposure |
| sensory adaptation: what is it and what is an example? | The body becomes desensitized to stimuli to prevent the overloading of our nervous system, thus allowing it to respond to new stimuli that are ‘out of the ordinary’. example is olfactory adaptation |
| which odors stimulate fight or flight (sympathetic nervous system?) | skunk, cooking gas & smoke |
| how many olfactory bulbs are there/where are they? | 2, there is one over each cribriform plate in each nasal cavity. |
| which odors can trigger emotional or visceral reactions? | perfume (emotional) certain foods=cause salivation (visceral) decaying flesh = vomit (visceral) |
| how many odors can most people distinguish between? how about some people who are more developed sense of smell? | 2,000 and 4,000. some can distinguish up to 10,000 odors. |
| which odors stimulate nociceptors of the trigeminal nerve? what does this cause and what can these odors be used for? | ammonia (as found in smelling salts), menthol, chlorine, hot peppers. these odors will cause stimulation of nocireceptors of the trigeminal nerve, which causes pain that will revive people who are unconscious |
| which odors can be used to revive people who are unconscious? | those that stimulate nociceptors of the trigeminal nerve |
| what are the only neurons in the body that are directly exposed to the external environment? | olfactory receptor cells |
| what is special about olfactory receptor cells | they are the only neurons in the body directly exposed to the external environment. |
| why do we need mucus from Bowman's glands? | 1)moisten surface of olfact epith 2)"catch" viruses, bacteria, dust 3)replace the surface film to prevent continuous stim of olfactory hairs |
| Bowman's glands | situated in olfactory epithelium. contain cells with large secretory vesicles. secrete mucus (which mixes with water to become mucous) onto surface of olfactory epithelium |
| which sense doesn't have classification of its primary categories? | there is no classification of primary smells |
Created by:
kalmetina
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