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Chapter 15 Evolution

Unit 4 Vocabulary

QuestionAnswer
Evolution The changes in a species or group of organisms over time
Artificial Selection the selected breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits
Natural Selection a mechanism that explains changes in a population that occur when organisms with favorable variations for that particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on to the next generation.
Biochemical Evidence A biochemical approach to defining evolutionary relationships of organisms by determining molecular similarities and differences among organisms.
Derived Trait newly evolved features that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors
Ancestral Trait more primitive features that do appear in ancestral forms
Homologous Structures anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor
Analogous Structures anatomically similar features that can be used for the same purpose and can be superficially similar in construction, but are not inherited from a common ancestor
Vestigial Structures structures that are the reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms.
Embryology The study of an organism's early prebirth stage of development
Endosymbiotic Theory states that eukaryotic organisms evolved from symbiotic associations between prokaryotic ancestors.
Fitness the relative reproductive efficiency of various individuals or genotypes in a population.
Adaptation genetically coded traits that occur in organisms and enable them to be more successful in their environment
Reproductive Advantage some organisms are born with traits that give them a slight advantage in reproducing more surviving offspring than other organisms
Stabilizing Selection also called normalizing selection, it is responsible for maintaining the status quo for an organism’s genetic makeup in an environment.
Directional Selection involves changes from one phenotypic property to a new one. When environmental conditions favor the survival of individuals carrying a genetic variant, the outcome is an increase in the frequency of that variant in the population.
Disruptive Selection results in the disappearance of forms that are considered intermediate between several extreme variants. Disruptive selection will split a species into two or more groups by strongly selecting against the intermediate or average phenotypes.
Sexual Selection operates in populations where males and females differ significantly in appearance
Speciation the evolution of a new species that occurs due to changes in gene flow in populations of the ancestral species.
Geographic Isolation when physical barriers cause populations to divide and prevent mating of individuals. Volcanoes, sea- level changes, and earthquakes are a few examp les of natural occurrences that divide populations.
Adaptive Radiation when species diversity occurs in a relatively short time.
Coevolution one or more species having a close ecological relationship evolve together such that one species adapt to the changes of the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution.
Convergent Evolution where unrelated species may independently evolve superficial similarities because of their adaptations to similar environments.
Gradualism evolution that occurs over a long period of time when adaptive changes accumulate slowly and steadily over time in a population.
Punctuated Equilibrium states that speciation occurs quickly in rapid bursts, with long periods of stability.
Biodiversity the variety of organisms, their genetic information, and the communities in which they live.
Ecosystem Diversity the variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world.
Species Diversity includes the vast number of different organisms on Earth.
Genetic Diversity refers to the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all living organisms on Earth.
Mutation a change in the genetics of an organism that introduces new traits in a population,changes allele frequencies and includes changes in the DNA sequences.
Created by: curtismc
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