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bio final semester 1
bio trimester final study guide qs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is watson and crick's structure/characteristic of DNA | double helix, 2 strands, strands wound around each other |
| compare and contrast DNA and RNA | dna - 2 strands, inside nucleus BOTH - sugar, phosphate, nucleotides, rna - 1 strand, outside nucleus |
| what are the 3 parts of a DNA molecule? | deoxyribose molecule, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
| briefly describe process of DNA replication | the enzymes "unzip" a molecule of DNA. this happens when the hydrogen bonds, connecting the base pairs are broken and the 2 strands of DNA unwind from each other |
| what is meant when saying that DNA replication is semi-conservative | each daughter/new DNA double helix is composed of a strand and a new synthesized strand |
| purpose of transcription | for an RNA polymerase to use one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA |
| purpose of translation | to produce proteins using info that the cell got from mRNA |
| function of mRNA and tRNA | mRNA - serves as a messenger for the rest of the cell tRNA - transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA |
| what are codons | 3 letter "words" in mRNA |
| anti-codons? | 3 adjacent nucleotides located at one end of tRNA |
| central dogma definition and it: | flow of genetic info w/ a biological system DNA ->RNA->proteins replication->> trasnpriction->> translation |
| mutation definition and 2 factors that cause mutations | mutation - a change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic info inserting wrong base and/or shifting a base |
| list and explain the 4 types of chromosomal mutations | deletion - section of chromosome is lost duplication - part of a chromosome is repeated translocation - 1 chromosome breaks off and attaches to another non homologus chromosome inversion - chromosomal orientation if reversed from its original position |
| frameshift mutation? | addition of deletion of a base causing the "reading frame" to be off |
| point mutation | changes in a SINGLE base pair |
| WHAT IS biodiversity? | the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere |
| 4 factors that affect/threaten biodiversity caused by humans | -altering habitats -hunting species to extinction -introducing toxic compounds into food webs -introducing foreign species to new environments |
| extinction increases or decreases biodiverstiy? | decreases |
| biotic? | biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem |
| abiotic | physical, non-living factors that shape ecosystems |
| 6 levels of organization that ecologists study (least to greatest) | -individual -population -community -ecosystem -biome -biosphere |
| 4 factors that can lead to a change in an ecosystem | climate, human activity, introduction of nonnative species, changes in population size |
| 4 factors that can lead to a population size | rates of birth, immigration, emigration, deah |
| 3 biogeochemical cycles | water, nitrogen, carbon cycles |
| 3 ways CO2 is released into the atmosphere | -volcanic activity -respiration -human activities |
| what is an ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain/web |
| what is an energy pyramid? | amount of energy available at each level |
| biomass pyramid | amount of living organic matter @ each level (most is at the bottom) |
| pyramid of #s | shows relative # of individual organisms at each trophic level |
| how much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? | 10% |
| role of producer? | produce food and energy for the consumer |
| example of a producer? | plant/tree |
| what are decomposers? | organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms through decomposition |
| why are decomposers important? | because they decompose to get energy and release free nurients back into the ecosystem |
| what is primary succession? | gradual growth of organisms in an area the was previously bare |
| seconday succession? | is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized but damaged habitat |
| monomer? | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer |
| polymer | large molecules compoed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent bonds |
| 2 roles/functions of an enzyme | to facilitate reactions and allow many chemical reactions to occur |
| what kind of area do enzymes work best at? | regular body temp and natural pH conditions |
| how is the cell membrane selectively permeable? | it only lets somethings come in and out of its membrane |
| cell w/ high energy requirement = many or few mitochondria's? | many.. high energy requirement = high energy powerhouses, many mitochondria |
| compare pro/eukaryotes | pro - unicellular, no nucleus, lack some organelles eu - multicellular, nucleus, has all organelles |
| what is photosynthesis | the process by which green plants sand some other organisms use sunlight to synthesiz foods from carbon dioxide and water |
| where does photosynthesis take place? | plant cell (chloroplasts) |
| what does photosynthesis need to be able to occur? | CO2, H20, sunlight |
| purpose of cellular respiration? | to make CO2, H20 and energy |
| where does CELLULAR RESP. take place? | mitochondria |
| where does the aerobic respiration and citric acid cycle take place | mitochondria |
| meiosis process? | prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1+cytokinesis prophase metaphae anaphase telophase cytokineses 2 |
| purpose of meiosis | to have the 2 cells split |
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