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Genetics 1st Test
Mendelian Genetics, Probabilities, Abnormalities, etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Blending" Theory? "Aquired Characteristic Inheritance" | red+blue=purple Jean LeMark, Giraffes |
| Why Pea Plants? | 7 characteristics on 7 diff. chromosomes, easily available, small space required, many progeny, self fertilizing, easily identifiable phenotypes |
| True Breeding? | No genetic varriation, highly inbred (must be all homozygus dom. or rec. or select for one genotype) |
| Mendel's Rule of Dominance | Some alleles are "dominant" over others, meaning an individual whos genotype is Aa will show the A phenotype |
| Mendel"s Rule of Segregation | If a parent has Aa alleles to donate to their gamete, ther is an equal chance to donate A as their is to donate a |
| Mendel's Rule of Independant Assortment | The donation of the Aa gene has no bearing on the donation of the Bb, or the Cc, etc |
| Genotype? | the allelic constitution of an organisms gene(s), as compared to its apearance |
| Phenotype? | observational characteristic and appearance, physicality |
| True Breeding Cross | P: AA x aa F1: All heterozygus F2: 3 A_(1AA:2Aa): 1aa F3(3A_ self-fertilized): 1/3 True Breeding, 2/3 carriers (recessive phen. will apear) |
| Test Cross | Cross A_ to aa the find genotype of parent 1 All A_ = P:AA, 1A_:1aa = P:Aa |
| Hybrid? | Heterozygus |
| Monohybrid cross genotypic vs. phenotypic ratios | Gen: 1:2:1 Phen: 3:1 |
| Dihybrid cross | P: round, yellow AABB x wrinkled green aabb F1: All round, yellow AaBb F2: 9A_B_:3A_bb:3aaB_:1aabb |
| Fork-Line Method | 2+ genes (needs to be drawn) |
| Probability Method | AaBbCc Cross, what ratio aabbcc? 1/4*1/4*1/4= 1/64 |
| "At Least" in question | use the 1-x method |
| Chi-square Test | x^2= SUM((observed-expected)^2/expected) if x^2<C.V., we accept the hypothesis |
| Deg. of Freedom? | n-1, where n= possible observable outcomes |
| Pedigree rules | circle = female, square = male dark= affected, crossed = dead |
| Binomial Formula Usage | When you know the number events and the exact number of each outcome, it tells you the probability of those fixed outcomes in any order |
| Binomial Formula (factorials) | (n!/s!t!)*(p^s)*(q^t) n = # of events, s = # of one outcome, t = # of other outcome, p = prob. of one outcome, q = prob of other outcome |
| Incomplete dominance | often in pigmentation, the heterozygote is between the parent phenotypes: AA red x aa white yeilds all Aa |
| Antigens | protiens that stick out of somatic cells and display the cell's unique identity |
| Recessive Lethality | Children only display a 1:2 ratio or one universal phenotype, because aa is deadly to the fetus |
| Polymorphic | when more than two alleles can code for one gene |
| Blood Typing | Ia, Ib, or Io alleles possible A yeilds Anti B, B yeilds anti-A |
| coat color in rabbits | c+ wild type, dominant to everybody c white, recessive to everybody cch and ch codominant, chinchillan and himillayan |
| Levels of gene functionality | wilt type = codes for a fully functional protien null gene = codes for non-functional protien hypomorphic = codes for partially functional protiens |
| Enviromental factors (drosophila) | temperature sensitive mutations |
| Enviromental factors (Pku) | Pku intelectual ability occurs when diet includes phenol alenine for individuals with this mutation |
| Varriable Penatrance | Yes or No Gen. yeilds possibility for trait |
| Varriable Expressivity | How much Gen. yeilds varrying levels of trait |
| Codominance | An organism with two codominant alleles, equally expresses the phenotypes of both alleles (Ia or Ib in blood cells) |
| Polydactily | example of both varriable penatrance and varriable expressivity |
| Normal Map of Trait Expression | Precursor --> Intermediate --> Product Protiens may be needed to promote these transitions |
| Complimentation Mapping | we start wth one organism with a recessive mutation and mate it with an organism of another recessive mutation. If the progeny show no mutation, then the two mutations compliment, which means they are not on the same gene. |
| "deaf" inheretance problem | two parents with a recessive disorder yeild all healthy children? aaBB x AAbb, where A_ and B_ both promote product formation |
| 9:7 Dihybrid exception | AaBb crossed --> 9purple:7white A_B_ --> white = 3/4*3/4 = 9/16 aaB_, A_bb, or aabb --> white = 7/16 pre --A--> int --B--> prod |
| 15:1 Dihybrid exception | AaBb crossed --> 15purple:1white A_B_, A_bb, or aaB_ --> purple aabb --> white pre --AorB--> product |
| 12:3:1 Dihybrid exception | AaBb crossed --> 12white:3pink:1purple A_B_, or A_bb --> white aaB_ --> pink, aabb --> purple dominant alleles halt the normal process white --aa--> pink --bb--> purple |
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