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Micro Ch. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryote | a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope |
| Eukaryote | a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane- enclosed nucleus. |
| Binary Fission | DNA is copied and the cell splits into two cells |
| cocci | spherical |
| Bacillus | little staffs |
| diplococci | cocci that remain in pairs after dividing |
| streptococci | those that divide and remain attached in chain-like patterns |
| tetrads | those that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four |
| sarcinae | those that divide in three planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of eight |
| staphylococci | those that divide in multiple planes form grapelike clusters or broad sheets |
| single bacilli | single rods |
| diplobacilli | appear in pairs after division |
| streptobacilli | occur in chains |
| coccobacilli | oval and look like cocci |
| vibrios | bacteria that look like curved rods |
| spirilla | have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies |
| spirochetes | helical and flexible |
| monomorphic | maintain a single shape |
| pleomorphic | many shapes |
| glycocalyx | surrounds cells. |
| capsule | a substance that is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall |
| slime layer | unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall |
| extracellular polymeric substance | a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other |
| atrichous | bacteria that lack flagella |
| peritrichous | flagella distributed over the entire cell |
| polar | at one of both poles or ends of the cell |
| monotrichous | a single flagellum at one pole |
| lophotrichous | a tuft of flagella coming from one pole |
| amphitrichous | falgella at both poles of the cell |
| taxis | the movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus. |
| H antigen | flagellar protein that is useful for distinguishing serovars |
| Serovars | variations within a species of gram negative bacteria. |
| axial filaments (endoflagella) | bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell. |
| Fimbriae | can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell of can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell |
| Pili | number only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer. |
| Twitching motility | pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contacts with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled. |
| Gliding motility | smooth, gliding movement of myxobacteria |
| Conjugation (sex) pili | used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. |
| Cell Wall | a complex, semi- rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell. Major function is to prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than that outside the cell. |
| Peptidoglycan | the bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network called this. It is also known as murein. |
| polypeptides | a chain of amino acids |
| porins | a type of protein in the outer membrane of gram- negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules |
| lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates and consists of three components. 1)lipid A 2) a core polysaccharide 3) an O polysaccharide |
| Lipid A | the lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane |
| Core polysaccharide | attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars. Its role is to provide stability |
| O polysaccharide | extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules |
| protoplast | a wall- less cell. Spherical shaped and is still capable of carrying on metabolism |
| L forms | lose their cell walls and swell into irregularly shaped cells. Named for Lister Institute, where they were discovered |
| Spheroplast | the cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer. A spherical structure |
| Osmotic Lysis | rupture of the plasma membrane resulting from movement of water into the cell |
| plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane | the selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; the outer layer in animal cells, internal to the cell wall in other organisms |
| glycoproteins | proteins attached to carbs |
| glycolipids | lipids attached to carbs |
| fluid mosaic model | the dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins |
| selective permeabilty | certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but others are prevented from passing through |
| Chromatophores | also known as thylakoids. an infolding in the plasma membrane where bacteriochlorophyll is located in photoautotrophic bacteria. |
| mesosomes | an irregular fold in the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy |
| Simple diffusion | the net overall movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
| Facilitated diffusion | integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane |
| Osmosis | the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration solvent molecules. |
| Osmotic Pressure | the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes |
| Isotonic Solution | a medium in which overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell |
| Hypotonic Solution | concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell |
| hypertonic solution | higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell |
| active transport | using energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane |
| group translocation | occurs exclusively in prokaryotes. The substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane. |
| cytoplasm | substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane |
| nucleoid | contains a single long, continuous and frequently circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA |
| Bacterial Chromosome | cells genetic information which carries all the info required for the cell's structures and functions |
| Plasmids | small, usually circular, double stranded DNA |
| ribosomes | function as the sites of protein synthesis. |
| Inclusions | reserve deposits |
| metachromatic granules | large inclusions that take their name from the fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes such as methylene blue |
| Polysaccharide granules | consist of glycogen and starch, and their presence can be demonstrated when iodine is applied to the cells |
| Lipid Inclusions | appear in various species of Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Spirillum, and other genera. |
| Sulfur granules | what bacteria deposit to serve as an energy reserve |
| Carboxysomes | inclusions that contain the enzyme ribulose 1,5- diphosphate carboxylase. |
| Gas Vacuoles | hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, and halobacteria |
| Magnetosomes | inclusions of iron oxide surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membrane |
| Endospores | specialized "resting" cells |
| sporulation (sporogenesis) | the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell |
| germination | how an endospore returns to its vegetative state. |
| Microtubules | long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin |
| Glycocalyx | layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbs |
| endocytosis | segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell |
| cytoplasm | of eukaryotic cells, encompasses the substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus |
| cytoskeleton | provides support and shape and assists in transporting substances through the cell. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | The movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another, which helps distribute nutrients and move the cell over a surface. |
| ribosomes | attached to the outer surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Organelles | structures with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells |
| Nucleus | usually spherical or oval, is frequently the largest structure in the cell, and contains almost all of the cell's hereditary info (DNA) |
| nuclear envelope | a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| nuclear pores | allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm. |
| nucleoli | one or more spherical bodies that are within the nuclear envelope |
| histones | basic proteins combined with the cell's DNA |
| Chromatin | threadlike mass |
| chromosomes | structure that carries hereditary info, chromosomes contain genes |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules |
| cisternae | membranous sacs or tubules |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually unfolds into a series of flattened sacs. |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules |
| Golgi Complex | the first step in the transport pathway is through this organelle. consists of 3-20 cisternae that resemble a stack of pita bread |
| Lysosomes | formed from golgi complexes and look like membrane- enclosed spheres |
| Vacuole | a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast |
| mitochondria | spherical or rod shaped organelles that appear throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells |
| chloroplast | organelle found in algae and green plants. A membrane enclosed structure that contains both pigment chlorophyll and the enzymes required for the light gathering phases of photosynthesis |
| thylakoids | chlorophyll is contained in flattened membrane sacs called these. Stacks of these are called grana |
| peroxisomes | similar to lysosomes, but smaller |
| centrosome | located near the nucleus and consists of two components 1) pericentriolar area 2)centrioles |
| endosymbiotic theory | theory explaining the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes |
Created by:
ShaunaLeann5
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