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Vertebrate Zoo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chordata | vertebrates belong to this phylum |
| Vertebrate characteristics | 1)dorsal, hollow nerve cord. 2) vertebrae 3) bilaterally symmetrical 4) notochord 5) thoracic, coelomic body cavity 6) post- anal tail 7) pharyngeal slits 8) cranium 9) Paired appendages |
| bony fish | single most successful vertebrate group |
| birds | most numerous of all the groups. Warm Blooded |
| Notochord | cartilaginous stiffening rod on dorsal side of the body |
| Dorsal, hollow nerve cord | found dorsal to notochord |
| Pharyngeal Slits | initially associated with gills |
| Endostyle | a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx (associated with filter feeding) |
| Post- anal tail | initially associated with swimming |
| Characteristics of Subphylum Craniata | Brain- enlarged portion of dorsal nerve cord that serves as an integration center. Cephalization- a head region with concentrated sense organs. Cranium- brain case of cartilage or bone |
| subphylum cephalochordata | lancelets. filter feeders |
| paedomorphosis | evolution of sexual maturity of larval forms. A modern example of this would be salamanders that retain their gills |
| Haikouichthys | primitive bacterial chordate. 530 MYA. no brain case, so not classified as a vertebrate yet |
| Parallel (convergent) evolution | similar selective pressures from the use of similar environments and resources can cause organisms to evolve to look and act in a similar manner. NO COMMON ANCESTORS |
| Clade Evolution | the acquisition of similar traits due to evolution from a common ancestor. ex: birds look and act similarly because they have traits inherited from a common ancestor. |
| Icthyosaurs | (reptiles) and dolphins (mammals) look the same, but are not related at all |
| Clade | Group of organisms that are monophyletic |
| Monophyletic | The condition of sharing a common ancestor |
| Apomorphy | A derived character or trait assumed to be indicative of a Clade |
| Plesiomorphy | Shared ancestral trait, not helpful in determining a Clade |
| Outgroup | A closely related but clearly different group of organisms used to decide what traits are apomorphic (derived) and which are plesiomorphic (ancient) |
| Synapsid reptiles | Early reptiles. Some of the very first ever |
| Synapomorphies | Shared apomorphies |
| Dromeosaurs | Feathered dinosaurs that are an appropriate out group for birds |
| Devonian times | The age of the fish. 416-359 MYA |
| Xenturbellida | Basal Deuterosome phylum with no well organized internal organs and bilateral symmetry. Represented by two known living species. This group does not have a common name. Bottom dwellers and cool water environments. |
| Echinoderms | Sea cucumbers, star fish, etc |
| Hemichordates | Acorn worms |
| Cephalochordates | Amphioxus |
| Urochordates | Sea squirts, salps |
| Craniata (vertebrates) | 63,521 + species perhaps. |
| Vertebrae | Cartilaginous or boney skeletal elements surrounding the dorsal, hollow nerve cord. |
| Intervertebral discs | Cartilaginous structures |
| Mixinoidea | Hagfish. A living group of questionable associations with other agnathans. The most ancient extinct group of vertebrates. Micro predators and scavengers of the ocean bottoms. Do not have jaws |
| Conodonts | Extinct, early chordates. Probably not vertebrates. Bilaterally symmetrical vertebrate eyes. Ray- like structures in caudal fin are "vertebrate-like." Possibly early vertebrate, but no vertebrae or cranium ever found |
| Pteromyzontida | Lampreys. Eel like living agnathans that look like hagfish. Parasites on fish. Attach themselves with a sucker mouth to the sides of fish, rasp away scales and suck blood and body fluids. Larvae are filter feeders. |
| Anadromous | Adult lampreys that live in marine environments |
| Ostracoderms | Fossil agnathans. They evolved perhaps 560+ MYA. Paleozoic jawless fish. Extinct by the end of Devonian times. Heavily armored boney plates over anterior half of body bone impregnated scales allowing flexibility at rear of animal. Less than a foot long |
| Cephalaspidomorphii | Bottom feeders. Eyes on top of their head. |
| Evolution of paired fins | Controlled by 4 pairs of hox genes. Pectoral fins only first seen in ostracoderms. Modern studies indicate this even must have occurred some 555 MYA. |
| Hox (home box) genes | A group of related genes that specify the anterior- posterior axis and segment identity of metazoan organisms during early embryonic development. These genes are critical for the proper number and placement of embryonic segment structures. |
| Bone |
Created by:
ShaunaLeann5
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