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Constructive vs dest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Destructive processes | destroy rocks and geological features |
| Landforms | geological features of Earth's surface. Ex: mountains, valleys, etc |
| Weathering | process in rock at Earth's surface is broken down into smaller pieces |
| Two types of weathering | 1. mechanical 2. chemical |
| Mechanical weathering | weathering that breaks rock into smaller pieces by physical means WITHOUT changing its chemical composition |
| Agents of mechanical weathering | Water, ice, changing temperatures, wind, gravity, and organisms |
| Ice (Frost) Wedging | Water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes. As water freezes, it expands and pushes on the rock. When water melts, the pressure is released. The pressure increases again if the water refreezes. Eventually they build up & release of pressure breaks rock |
| Abrasion | a process by which rock, sand, and soil particles carried by wind or water rub against rock and slowly wear it away |
| Plants and Animals | Plant roots can grow in cracks of rocks and when the roots grow, they break the rock. Animals can burrow tunnels in the ground. They can expose rocks to water and wind. |
| Chemical Weathering | breaking of rock into smaller pieces through chemical reactions. |
| The composition of rock is changed during this type of weathering | chemical weathering |
| Agents of chemical weathering | air, water, salts, and acids may react with the minerals in rocks to rock new substances. This weakens the rock which may break, dissolve, or wash away |
| Ground water and runoff | an example of chemical weathering. Water flows over rocks and through cracks, slowly dissolving rock. |
| Iron and oxygen | iron in rock chemically reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust. Rusting makes rock crumble |
| Plant Roots that produce acid | Acids weaken and weather rock. |
| Erosion | A destructive process that picks up and moves sediment. |
| Agents of erosion | wind, moving water, glaciers, and gravity |
| Deposition | the process that drops, or deposits, eroded sediment |
| How deposition occurs | wind or water slow down or stop, when glacial ice melts, they drop the sediment they carry |
| Sand dunes | sand dunes are piles of sand that form when wind carrying sand grains deposits them |
| Moraines | Ridges of sediment deposited when glaciers melt |
| Deltas | Water in rivesr deposit huge amounts of sediment when water settles. The Formed when sediment carried by rivers is deposited as the rivers slow down and enter the ocean |
| Other processes that change Earth's surface | volcanoes, earthquakes/ landslides (faulting) , mountain building (folding, uplift) |
| Geology | the study of the Earth, including its history. |
| One goal of geologists | developing a timeline of Earth's past- ordering and dating of events throughout history. They study rock layers and fossils to learn about Earth's history |
| Two techniques geologists use to date events | 1. relative age 2. absolute age |
| Absolute age | This is the actual age of a rock or fossil (how long ago it was formed). Determined by radioactive dating. only igneous rocks can be tested this way |
| Radioactive dating | measures the age of rock or fossil by comparing the amount of a radioactive element with the amount of its decay product. (uranium decays into lead) |
| Relative age | describes the age of a rock or fossil compared to that of another rock or fossil. Scientists can determine which one is older or younger compared to the rocks/fossils around it. The law of superposition is used to help determine relative age |
| Law of Superposition | in undisturbed sedimentary rock laters, older layes of rock lie beneath younger layers of rock. (dirty clothes hamper) |
| Effects of plate movements, magma, and erosion | sometimes rock layers can becomed disturbed. This can push older layers above or next to younger layers of rock. Can be caused by folding or uplifting and faulting |
| Age of igneous intrusions and faults | They are always YOUNGER than the rock it CUTS through. The rock layers that are not cut by either a fault or intrusion are older than the fault/intrusion. |
| Igneous Intrusion | magma that is cools and hardens in existing rock layer. it is always younger than the rock layers it cuts through |
| Unconformity | a gap in rock layers that can represent millions of years of missing time. It is caused by rock layers that are exposed and eroded away |
| Index fossil | the fossil of an organism that existed for a "short" period of time. When an index fossil is in a rock layer, a close approximation of the age of that rock is estimated. |
| Trilobites | Creatures that lived 200 - 500 million years ago. Rock with trilobites is between 200- 500 million years old. |
| Three types of rocks | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| Igneous rock | Formed when magma/lava cools,can be formed extrusively or intrusively (outside of volcano or in the ground, respectively). ex: basalt and granite |
| Extrusive rock | Solidifies outside the crust after volcanic eruptions |
| Intrusive rock | Solidifies within the crust; uplift and erosion brings this rock to the surface |
| Sedimentary Rocks | Forms from layers of sediment (small pieces of broken rock) that are compacted and cemented together. Makes up 75% of rocks on Earth’s surface Examples: conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale |
| Metamorphic Rock | This is rock that becomes buried or pushed deep below the surface where heat and pressure chemically change the existing rock (igneous or sedimentary) Examples: gneiss, slate, phylite, schist, magmatite, |
| The Rock Cycle | A series of changes that Earth’s rock continually undergoes. Breaking down of rock, compacting, and cementing = sedimentary Melting and cooling = igneous Heat and pressure = metamorphic |
| constructive process | creates rock |
Created by:
kibbylj
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