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ESS 17 part 1
natural disasters and hazards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| natural hazard | a natural process poses a threat to human life or property |
| natural disaster | a natural event that causes significant damage to life or property |
| catastrophe | natural event that kills or injures a large number of people or causes extensive property damage |
| forecast | the statement that a future event will occur in a certain area in a given span of time with a particular probability |
| prediction | are made looking at linear projections of past events (look far into past) _____ |
| fractal | nature of events makes it so that smaller events can predict larger ones |
| mitigation | efforts to prepare for a disaster and reduce its damage |
| risk | a hazard considered by its recurrence interval and expected costs |
| lithosphere | the stiff, rigid outer rind of the earth -> made up of large blocks of tectonic plates |
| asthenosphere | the inner, hotter and more easily deformed part of the earth's rind |
| tectonic plates | |
| continental lithosphere | silica rich, 30-50 km thick, 2.7 g/cm3 lower density due to high-silica |
| oceanic lithosphere | its top 7 km are low-silica basalt composition crust; 3.0 g/cm3 more dense due to iron- and magnesium rich minerals |
| 4 ways of mitigation | land-use planning, insurance, role of the government, role of public education |
| mantle | peridotite, 3.2 g/cm3, ______ |
| isostacy | buoyancy, a floating solid due to its lower density is submerged into a liquid form |
| ways scientists measure density and thickness of crust | gravitational attraction (greater over denser rock), and velocity and timing of seismic waves |
| Moho | the boundary between crust and mantle and marks major difference in density; sits at the base of continental crust |
| low-velocity zone | the boundary between rigid lithosphere and deformable asthenosphere; sits at the top of asthenosphere; contains zones of molten basalt that can degrade lithosphere above |
| plate tectonics | the big picture theory that describes the movements of Earth's plates |
| what are the three types of lithosphere plate boundaries | transform, convergent, and divergent |
| divergent plate boundaries | plates move away from each other, by the sinking of heavy lithosphere at oceanic trenches, a spreading system in oceans and continents (slower) |
| convergent plate boundaries | plates move towards each other ______ |
| transform plate boundaries | plates slide past each other ______ |
| subduction zone | when one plate at a boundary is oceanic lithosphere and it sinks into the asthenosphere |
| seafloor spreading | new oceanic crust wells up at the mid-oceanic ridges, spreads apart, and finally sinks into the deep oceanic trenches (top of subduction zone) |
| rift zone | _____ (most magma is rhyolite or basalt with little or no intermediate adenosine) |
Created by:
mkehal112
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