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Bio Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| covalent bonding definition? | sharing of valence electrons (very strong bonds) |
| opposites _______ | attract. -electrons are attracted to protons- |
| Where is it that energy (ATP) is released from nutrients in the cell? | mitochondria |
| how are covalent bonds formed? | when atoms produce compounds by sharing electrons. -example: when making hydrogen gas, one molecule of hydrogen gas is formed when two hydrogen aroms join by sharing electrons. |
| Living things are made up of what kind of compounds? | inorganic and organic compounds |
| the principle inorganic compounds are found in what living things? | -water -salts -inorganic acids -inorganic bases |
| the principles organic compounds are found in what living things? | -carbonhydrates -proteins -lipids -nucleic acids |
| what is the main source of energy for cell activities? | carbonhydrates -example: starch and sugars |
| What elements are carbonhydrates made of? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
| the simplest carbonhydrates are called what? | monosaccharides or simple sugars |
| what are the building blocks of carbs? | monosaccharides |
| what are proteins made up of? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| what does the body use proteins for? | cell repair and growth |
| proteins are composed of simpler units (building blocks) called what? | amino acids |
| what is denaturing proteins? | changing proteins shape |
| proteins are structural where? | -skin -hair -nails -teeth -muscle |
| what are lipids made of? | fats and oils |
| what are lipids the source of? | stored energy for living organisms |
| what are nucleic acids made of? | -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -phosphorus |
| what are the building blocks of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| what are nucleotides composed of? | sugar molecule, nitrogen base, and phosphate |
| true or false? DNA and RNA are two kinds of nucleic acids. | true |
| what are monosaccharides? | sugar molecules |
| what are disaccharides? | double sugars |
| what are polysaccarides? | long chains of monosaccarides bonded together |
| the function or role of enzymes in organisms are? | metabolism |
| what does the body use enzymes for?? | breaking down things |
| What is activation energy? | energy needed to get a chemical reaction started |
| whats the difference of monomer and polymer? | polymers are made up of many monomer units |
| cohesion and adhesion is what? | bonding of materials |
| what is hydrogen bonds? | Bonds of hydrogen molecuels |
| why is water a polar molecule? | it's a polar solvent and each water molecule exhibits polarity |
| what are some elements carbon can bond with to form the molecules of life? | -hydrogen -oxygen -phosphorus -sulfur -nitrogen |
| what is the structural difference between eukaryotic animal and plant cells? | the animal cell is circular and the plant cell is box-like |
| what makes viruses different from cellular life? | -additional membrane -size structure -smarter and trickier -has a few genes |
| what is the mitochondria? | cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convient for the cell to use. |
| what is the nucleus? | the center of an atom |
| what is the nucleolus? | it is located in the nucleus and is involved in the production of ribosomes |
| what is the golgi apparatus? | organelle in calls that modfies sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell |
| what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | rough surface is due to the presence of ribosomes |
| what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | materials are transported throughout the cells by a system of channels |
| what is the cytoplasm? | fluid portion of cell outside the nucleus |
| what is lysosomes? | cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbonhydrates and proteins into small molecules that are used by the rest of the cell |
| what are ribosomes? | cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasm |
| what is the cell membrane? | a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters the cell |
| what is the cell wall? | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells |
| what is vacuole? | cell organelles that store materials |
| what is chloroplasts? | organelles found in plants and captures energy from sunlight and converts chemical energy. |
| what is cytoskeleton? | A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence |
| what are the centrioles? | the structure in an animals cell that helps to organize cell division |
| what is diffusion in the cell membrane? | the net movement of molecules (or ions) from a region of their high concentration to a region of their lower concentration. |
| In the cell membrane, where do the molecules move down? | in the concentration gradient |
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juliiieeee
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