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biology midterms
cellular respiration, photosynthesis, organelles, etc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biology | the study of living things (bio=life ologoy=study of |
| biologist | a person who studies living things |
| All living things can | -made up of cells -can reproduce -are based on DNA -grow and develop -obtain engery -respond to their enviornment -mainain homeostasis -change over time |
| carbohydrates | compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 |
| carbohydrates are used as... | energy (living sources main source of enegry) |
| Lipids | macrocolecules made mainly from carbon, and hydrogen atoms, and glyclecerol |
| Lipids are used to... | store energy, insulate, repel water, and form membranes |
| Nucleic Acids | macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous |
| Nucleic acids carry... | genetic info |
| Nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids |
| 2 Types of nucleic acids | DNA, and RNA |
| DNA | carries instructions that control the avtivities of a cell |
| RNA | use those instructions to make/ build proteins |
| Proteins | macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Amino Acids | the building blocks of proteins |
| Roles of Proteins | 1. Control the rate of reactions 2. form bones, and muscels 3. transport substances in and out of cells |
| Enzymes | proteins that help control chemical reactions and speed up reactions |
| Nutrients | substances in food that provide raw materials and energy the body needs for certain process |
| Nutrients keep the body... | 1. functioning 2. growing 3. replicating |
| Vitamins | chemical compounds needed by the body in small amounts to strengthen the immune system |
| Problems related to a lack of Vitamin A | Liver problems, rough skin,and hairloss |
| Problems related to a lack of vitamin B2 | eye problems, and cracking skin |
| Problems related to a lack of vitamin B3 | Mental problems, rash and diareah |
| Problems related to a lack of vitamin C | ore mouth, bleeding gums, and bruises |
| Problems related to a lack of vitamin D | bowed legs, rickets, and poor teeth |
| Minerals | chemical compounds needed in small amounts to form important cell parts |
| Iron | used for blood, Risk-Amenia(causes extreme fatigue and bruising |
| Calcium | used for strong bones and teeth Risk-osteoperosis |
| Magnesium | used for bones and teeth Risk- severe muscle twitches that can become very painful |
| Iodine | used for making chemicals in the thydroid Risk- goiter |
| Sodium | used for muscle contraction and nerve messages |
| Water | fluid thats made up of hydrogen and oxygen, makes up 50-60% of the human body |
| The body uses water to... | 1.rehydrate the body 2. flush out toxins 3. control body temp. |
| Enzymes | substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions |
| Substrates | reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
| 3 factors that can affect the regulation of enzyme activity | 1. temp. 2. pH 3. regulatory molecules |
| Active site | the site on an enzyme in which a substrate binds |
| Lock and Key | the analogy to illustrate enzymes and substrates fitting together for a reaction to occur properly |
| Enzyme substrate complex | the joined enzyme and substrate that remain together until the reaction is over |
| 4 organic molecules in living things | Carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| Transpiration | loss of water from a plant through the leaves of the plant |
| 3 major biogeochemical cycles | 1. carbon cycle 2. Nitrogen cycle 3. Phophorous cycles |
| Carbons role in the biosphere | Makes up living tissues and animal skeleton makes up rock forms CO2 gas in the atmosphere |
| Process of the Carbon cycle | 1. release of carbon and oxygen 2. release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 3. Carbon is stored underground 4. human activites releae carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
| Nitrogens role in the biosphere | to make amino acids which are used to build proteins |
| Process of the Nitrogen cycle | 1. Nitrogen is taken in by bacteria and converted into amonia 2. amonia is converted to nitrites and nirtates 3. producers use nitr/ites/ates to make proteins 4. consumers eat producers to make their own proteins 5. decomposers return nitrogen to the |
| Prophorous is unique because... | it doesn't enter the atmosphere |
| Phosphorous' role in the biosphere | forms RNA and DNA |
| Process of the Phosphorous cycle | 1. erosion of rocks releasing phosphorous 2. phosphate washes into rivers/ streams 3. phosphate makes its way to the ocean and is used by organisms |
| dentrification | converting nirtates to nitrogen gas |
| primary productivity | the rate at which organic mater is created by producers |
| limiting nutrient | when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient |
| Energy flow | determines the systems capactiy to sustain life. Without energy living systems cant function |
| Sunlight | main energy source for life on earth |
| Autotrophs | organisms that capture energy from sunlight/ chemicals to make food aka producers |
| Producers | organisms that make their own food from sunlight or chemicals aka autotrophs |
| photosynthesis | process by which light energy is used to converto carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates(plants, and algae) |
| Chemosynthesis | when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply aka consumers |
| Herbivores | obtain energy by eating plpants only |
| carnviores | obtain energy by eating other animals |
| detrivores | obtain energy by feeding on plant and other animal remains |
| decomposers | break down organic material (bacteria and fungi) |
| food chain | a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. |
| Food webs | a network of interactions formed by feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosytem |
| trophic level | each step in a food chain/web (starts with producers, then consumers) |
| Ecological pyramid | a diagram that shows the relative amounts of matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain/ web |
| Energy pyramid | pyramid showing the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organism use about 10% of this energy for life process the rest is lost a heat |
| Biomass pyramid | pyramid showing the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. The greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid |
| biomess | total amount of living tissue in a give tropic level |
| Pyramid of numbers | pyramid showing the relatinve number of individual organisms at each level |
| The water cycle | 1. enter atmosphere as water vapor 2. evaporate( liquid to atmospheric gas) 3. rises and cool 4. precipitation 5. enters a river or stream |
| Atoms | basic unit of matter |
| Protons | positvely charged partcles |
| Neutrons | particles with no charge |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles that are in motion around the nucleus |
| protron+ neutrons=_________ | nucleus |
| nucleus | the center of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons |
| atomic mass | # of protons and # of neutrons |
| element | pure substance that consist of one type of atom. - represented by symbols |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ex. C12 - are identified by mass number |
| Radioactive isotopes | istopoes with unstable nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time -used to date specimens |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination fo 2 or more elements -show as a chemical formula(H20) |
| 2 types of bonds | covalent ionic |
| Ionic bond | when 1+ electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another |
| Atoms become ions if they... | lose electrons= become positive gain elecrons=become negative |
| Ion | negatively/ positively charged atoms |
| Covalent bond | when electrons are shared between atoms |
| Types of covalent bonds | Single, double, and triple bonds |
| Covalent: single bond | when atoms share 2 electrons ( 1 pair |
| Covalent: double bond | when atoms share 4 electrons( 2 pairs) |
| Covalent: triple bond | when atoms share 6 electrons (3 pairs) |
| molecules | the smallest units of most compounds |
| van der wals forces | a slight attraction that develops bw the oppositely charge regions of nearby molecules |
| polar molecule | a molecule in which the charges are unequally distributed |
| Water is a polar molecule because... | there is an uneven distribution between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms -water is cohesive |
| cohesive | an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| capillary action | water rising in a narrow tube against gravity -found in plants |
| solutions | a mixture of 2 or more substances |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | substance in which the solute dissolves |
| _______ is the universal solvent | water |
| PH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. |
| PH of 7 | neutral -water -an equal amount of hydronium and hydroxide |
| PH below 7 | acidic -stomach acid, lemon juice, tomato juice |
| PH above 7 | -basic/ alkaline -lye, cleaning products, soap |
| unicellular organism | a single celled organism that MUST maintain homeostasis |
| multicellular organism | a multi celled organism that are independent |
| cell specialization | dvelopment of cells in different ways to perfeorm different functions |
| stomata | tiny openings on the undersides of leaves that rapidly exchange carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor etd.. |
| guard cells | highly specialized cells that regulate the gas exchange process in plants |
| 4 major levels of orginanization | 1. cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems |
| 4 major types of tissues | 1. epithelial tissues 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissues 4. nervous tissue |
| Robert Hooke | english scientist who used an early compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork -1st used the word "cell" |
| Anton von keeuwenhoek | dutch scientist who used a single lense microscope to view pong water and other things |
| Matthias Schlieden | German botanist who 1st concluded that all animals were made up of cells |
| Teodor schwann | German biologist who 1st concluded that all animals are made up of cells -said all living things were made of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | German physician who concluded that new cells only come from existing cells |
| Cell theory | 1. all living things are made up of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure 3. new cells are produced from existing ones |
| Cellular characteristics | 1. have a cell membrane 2. contain DNA |
| Eukaryotic cells | -contain a nucleus -have numerous organelles -can be single/ multi cellular - nucleus stores genetic material |
| Prokaryotic cells | cells with NO nucleus - smaller -simple -genetic material is NOT in the nucleus |
| Inorganic chemistry | study of all compound that DONT contain carbon |
| organic chemistry | the study of all compounds that contain carbon |
| the chemistry of carbon ( 3 things) | 1. 4 valence electrons 2. bonds with other carbon atoms to make carbon chains 3. can form large complex molecules |
| Macromolecules | "giant molecules" formed by polymerzation( the process of building large compounds by putting small ones together |
| Monomer | small units that can join together to make polynomers |
| 2 types of fats | unstaurated and saturated |
| saturated fats | having all single carbon to carbon bonds. bad fast that is sold at room temp and tends to be stored in animals( increase cholestorhl) |
| unsaturated fats | having 1+ pail of carbon to carbon double/ triple bonds in the fatty acid. Healthier fat that tends to be liquid at room temp |
| cell membrane | a thin flexible barrier around all cells -regulate what goes in/out of the cell -is made up of a lipid bilayer( made of proteins and lipids) |
| cell wall | provides support and protection for the cell -found in plants, algae, and fungi -mostly made of cellulose |
| phospholipids | phosphate head is hydrophilic and phostphate tail is hydrophobic |
| diffusion | process by which molecules move from high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water from a high concentration low water concentration |
| faciliated diffusion | the diffusion of certain molecules across the cell membrane via protein channels |
| 3 cell conditions of osmosis | 1. hypertonic cells 2. isotonic cells 3. hypotonic cells |
| hypertonic cells | cells environment has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. result- water ruses out and the cell shrivels |
| isotonic cells | cells eviron. had the same concentration of solutes as inside the cell result- perfect equilibrium no movement in/out |
| hypotonic cells | cell environ. has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell reuslt- water rushes in the cell. cell swells |
| passive transport | process by which random movement lets substances diffuse across cell membranes without using the cells energy |
| active transport | energy using process that moves materials accross a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| transport proteins | proteins that use the cells energy to move materials across the cell membrane |
| 2 types of active transport | exocytosis and edocytosis |
| exocytosis | packaging and removal of waste from the cell. the membrane of a vacuole containing waste fuses with the cell membrane and forces out the contents |
| endocytosis | the process of taking outside material into the cell by infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane |
| 2 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| pinocytosis | "cellular drinking" a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
| phagocytosis | :cellular eating" the cell engulfs an outside food particle |
| organelles | "little organs" cell structures that act like specialized organs |
| er( endoplasmic reticulum) | an internal membrane system -lipid components of a cell membrane are assembled |
| vacuoles | store materials (water, salts, proteins, and carbs) |
| central vacuole | -found in plants - supports heavy structures like leaves and flowers |
| chloroplasts | convert the chemical energy stored in food to compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use -"solar power to the plants" -contain chlorophyll -contain genetic info -believed to come from prokaryotes thaht carried out photosynthesis |
| mitochondria | has 2 membranes - in humans they're inherited from the mother -contain their own gentic info -believed to come from prokaryotes with the ability to use oxygen and generate ATP |
| endosymbiotic theory | suggest mitochond. and chloroplasts had a symbotic relationship with eukaryotes. |
| centrioles | help to organize cellular division |
| actin | a potein that make microfilaments |
| tublin | a protein that makes microtubles |
| what color do plants not use for photsynthesis | green |
| dehydration synthesis | putting molecules together by removing water |
| mitosis | stage in eukaryotic cell divison during which the nucleus divides to form 2 daughter cells -body cells |
| 5 steps of mitosis | interphase, prophase, metaphase, annaphase, telophase |
| interphase | cell increses in size -gets ready to divde -takes the longest out of all phases -G1, S, and G2 phase |
| prophase | -nuclear membrane breaksdown -centrioles begin moving to opposite poles -chromosones become short and thick |
| metphase | chromosones line up in the middles of the cell -spindle fibers attatch to the centromeres |
| annaphase | chromosones are moved apart and away |
| telophase | cell divides into 2 daughter nucliei |
| cell cycle | the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
| 4 phases of the cell cycles | G1, S, G2 and M phase |
| G1(gap 1) | the period of activity in which cells do most of their growing |
| S phase | phase in which chromosones are replicates and the synthesis of DNA molecules take place |
| G2 | phase in which many cof the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced |
| M Phase | phase in which mitosis and cytokinesis occur |
| Reasons for cell divison | 1. to avoid dna overload 2. to exchange materials easily |
| Cell size | the rate of exchanges depends on a cells surface area -rate of food/02 use and waste production depends of a cells volume |
| gametogenesis | process by which gametes develop in the gonads |
| gametes | haploid sex cells |
| sperm | male sex cells |
| egg | female sex cells |
| gonads | specialized organs used for reproductions male=testes female=eggs |
| spermatogenesis | formation of sperm in testes result-4 good sperm cells |
| oogenesis | formation of eggs in the ovaries result-1 good egg, 3 polar bodies |
| meiosis | occurs in sex cells -sexual reproduction -process of reproduction division in hwihch the # of chromosones per cell in cut in 1/2 |
| homologous chromosones | cromosones that each have a matching chromosone from the opposite sex parent |
| haloid | 23 chromosones, a single set of chromosones |
| diploid | 46 chromosones, both sets of chromosones |
| tetrad | a structure containing 4 chromatids |
| crossing over | the exchange of portions of their chromatids |
| cancer | a disorder in which some of the bodys own cells lose the ability o control growth -cells do not repond to the signals that regulate growth |
| external regualtors | proteins that responds to events outside the cell |
| interal reulators | proteins that respond to events inside the cell |
| p53 | gene that many cancer cells have defect in |
| cyclin | rotein that regulates the cell cycles in eukaryotic cells |
| binary fission(bacteria) | asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half producing 2 identical daugheter cells |
| conjugation(bacteria) | primitive form of sexual reproduction in which an organism exchanges genetic information |
| chemoheterotroph | organisms that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon |
| photoheterotroph | organisms that are photosynthetic but need organic compounds as a carbon source |
| chemoautotroph | organisms that make organic molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions |
| photoautotroph | organisms that use energy from sunligt to convert CO2 and water to carbon compounds |
| monera | kingdom in which prokaryotes belong |
| Kingdom Eubacteria | larger group of bacteria that is found almost everywhere -cell walls contain peptidoglycan |
| Kingdom Archaebacteria | bacteria that live in harsh environments -DNA is similar to eukaryotic organisms |
| Methanogens | prokaryotes that produce methane gas and live in oxygen free environments -archaebacteris |
| aerobe | bacteria that require oxygen to survive -archaebacteria |
| anerobe | bacteria that live in oxygen free environments -archaebacteria |
| thermophiles | live in extremely hot environments -archaebacteria |
| halophiles | live in extremely salty environments -archaebacteria |
| bacteria culture | growing sample of bacteria in the labrtory |
| inoculate | place desired bacteria into using a sterile q tip |
| incubate | place in an area to keep warm |
| colonies | many bacteria growing closely together |
| environment bacteria grow best in | warm moist, dark areas with abundant food |
| bacteria | unicellular -divided into 2 groups |
| Louis Pasteur | first scientist to prove bacteria cause disease -established germ theory of disease |
| 2 ways bacteria cause disease | 1. damaging cells and tissues by feeding on them 2. releasing toxins that interfere with normal functioning |
| Vaccines | preparation of weakened/ killed pathogen that is injected into the body to produce immunity |
| how to prevent bacterial infections/disease | -antibiotics - stimulating bodies immune system with vacines |
| how to control bacterial growth | sterilization disinfectants proper food torage |
| sterilization | destroying bacteria w/ heat |
| disinfectants | chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria |
| zone of inhibition | the area on an agar plate where growth of a control organism is prevented by an antibiotic usually placed on the agar surface. |
| viroid | virus like particle that causes disease in plants |
| prion | virus like particle that causes disease in animals |
| virus | a particle made of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids that can only replicate by infecting living cells -"poison" |
| host | a living thing that another organism lives in -sheltrs and nourishes invaders |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria |
| pathogen | any disease causing agent |
| Lytic cycle | the viral replication process that rapidy kills the host cell (virulent cycle) |
| Lysogenic cycle | the viral replication process in which a virus doesnt immediately kill a host cell (temperate cycle) |
| Steps of the lysogenic cycle | 1. atacthment 2. injection 3. direction of the cell to make new viruses 4. replication 5. lysis(cell bursts) |
| Steps of the lysogenic cycle | 1. attatchment 2. injection 3. recombination 4. activation 5. lysis(cell bursts) |
| Photosynthesis in the 2 stages | 1. Light dependent reactions that produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH 2. the calvin cycle that produces sugars |
| Alcoholic fermentation | produces alcohol & Co2 as wastes |
| lactic acid fermentation | produces lactic acid that builds up in muscle |
| celular respiration | the process hat releases energy by breaking downgluclose and other food molecules in the pressence of oxygen |
| Cellular respiration formula | oxygen+gluclose-> carbon dioxide+water+energy |
| 3 steps of cellular respiration | 1. glycolisis 2. krebs cycle 3. eectron transport chain |
| gycolisis | process in which one molecule of gluclose is broken in half, making 2 molecules of pyruvic acid end result= 4 ATP molecules |
| krebs cycle | process by which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide( happens in mitochondria) |
| electron transport chain | series of proteins in which high energy electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP |
| gluclose | carbohydrates thats a type of sugar that is commonly found in food |
| ATP | the main energgy storing molecule used by organisms |
| The calvin cycle | the stage of photosynthesis that produces sugars, Where carbon fixation occurs |
| photosynthesis formula | carbon dioxide+ water-> oxygen and sugar |
| aerobic cellular respiration | oxygens role is to act as the final hydrogen electron |
Created by:
lauren.holmes
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