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Diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exocrine | Duct system carries juices and enzymes to the small intestine |
| Endocrine | Consists of Islets of Langehans (makes hormons), that are absorbed into the blood |
| Islets of Langerhans contain | Alpha and Beta tissues |
| PNS stimulation occurs when | immediately after a meal to increase insulin stim |
| SNS Stimulation occurs | hours after a meal to increase glucagon stimulation (alpha cells) |
| Insulin increases when | when glucose levels increase |
| Alpha cells release | Glucagon |
| Beta cells release | Insulin |
| Delta cells release | Somatostatin |
| Exocrine hormones | Lipase and amylase |
| Endocrine releases | Alpha and beta cells |
| Glycogenolysis | Glucagon stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | Amino acids/fatty acids change to glucose Glucagon converts fats and excess amino acids into energy allowing normal blood glucose levels |
| Lipolysis | Lipid breakdown by glucagon into glucose |
| Insulin | Secreted by b cells in islets of Langehans in pancreas |
| Glucagon | hyperglycemic agent, doesnt work good on alcoholics |
| Growth Hormone | makes sugars rise-insulin antagonist, secretion triggered by hypoglycemia |
| Somatostatin | Lowers sugars, secreted when BG is high, suppresses secretion of growth hormone |
| DMI Type 1 | Autoimmune Disease,lifelong insulin needed s/s polydipsia,weight loss |
| DMI Type 2 | Hereditary-moderate decline in insulin production and fewer insulin receptor sites-insulin resistant |
| Prediabetes | 100-125 mg/dl |
| Secondary DMI | result of being on certain medications like steroids, pancreatitis |
| Gestational DMI | |
| Oral Meds | |
| Stimulators | stimulates insulin release, increases insulin receptor sites-IE.sulfonylureas,diabinese,tolinase,orinase,glucotrol |
| Sensitizers | increases binding copacity of receptor sites ie.glucophage, actos, avandia (metformin) |
| Slow absorbers of carbs | prevents post meal spike in glucose levels-Precose,glycet |
| Acanthosis Nigricans | Skin disorder where skin gets darker and thick, caused by insulin resistances |
| Insulin | humalog/novalog 15-30 Regular-30-60 NPH/Lente-1-3hr ultralente insulin-6-8 hrs Lantus-24hr |
| Hypoglycemia | Sudden onset,s/s-AMS,diaphoretic,hypotension,coma |
| hyperglycemia without Ketones | gradual onset->120-150 mg, causes=too little insulin |
| DKA | no insulin or glucagon activity, BG >250-300 with presence of ketones,causes metabolic acidosis |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar NonKetotic Acidosis (HHNK) | associated with Type 2 DMI, insulin and glucagon activity present, coma develops when sustained hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis to cause dehydration and when water intake is inadequate BG >1000 mg-common death from clot |
Created by:
rebeccabelleth
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