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Asepsis & Infection
Nursing fundamentals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asepsis | The absence of illness-producing micro-organism |
| Medical asepsis | The use of precise practices to reduce the number, growth, and spread of micro-organisms from an object, person, or area. Also known as clean technique. |
| Primary method of medical asepsis | Hand-hygiene |
| Surgical asepsis | The use of precise practices to eliminate all micro-organisms from an object or area. Also known as sterile technique. |
| Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) | Infections acquired while the client is receiving care in a health care setting. Most common setting is ICU. Most effective prevention is hand hygiene. Most common site is urinary tract. |
| Iatrogenic infection | Healthcare associated infection (hai) resulting from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. |
| Signs of infection | Fever, increased pulse and respiratory rate, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, enlarged lymph nodes |
| First stage of inflammatory response | Redness, warmth, edema, pain or tenderness, loss of use |
| Second stage of inflammatory response | Fluids containing Serous (clear) exudate, sanguineous (contains red blood cells) exudate, purulent (contains leukocytes and bacteria) exudate |
| Third stage of inflammatory response | Damage tissue is replaced by scar tissue. Gradually new cells take on characteristics similar in structure and function to old cells. |
| Serous | Clear |
| Sanguineous | Contains red blood cells |
| Purulent | Contains leukocytes and bacteria |
| Infection Cycle (Chain of Infection.) | 1/Infectious agent. 2/Reservoir. 3/Portal of exit from reservoir. 4/Means of transmission. 5/Portals of entry. 6/Susceptible host. |
| Infection Control | Hand Hygiene. Sterilization. Antiobiotics/Antimicrobials. Use of disposable supplies. Dry intact dressing. Cover nose when coughing/sneezing. Pesticides. Refrigeration. Use Masks. PPE. Disposal of needle/sharps. Immunizations. Staff screening. |
| Isolation | Protective procedure that limits the spread of infections diseases amoung hospital population. |
| Standard Precautions | Used regardless of diagnosis! All to blood ssecreations, excretions, non-intact skin, mucous membranesand all body fluids except sweat. Respiratory Hygiene. Safe injections. Masked spinal canal punctures. |
| Inflammatory Process | 1/Vasular stage, vessel constriction & supply arterioles vasodialate. Histamine. 2/Cellular stage, keukocytes move in. Phagocytes clean up. Repair & regeneration. |
| Nursing Interventions to Break Chain of Infection (COI) | Assessing data & risks. Diagnosing patient's condition. Outcome Identification & planning. Implementing. |
| Patients at risk for Infection | Skin integrity,ph levels,white blood cells,age,sex,race,heredity,immunizations, fatigue,nutritional status,preexisting illness,stress,medications,medical devices and treatments,habits |
| Factors that reduce Healthcare Associated Infections/HAI | 1/Constant surveillance by infection-control committees & nurse epidemiologists. 2/Written infection-prevention practices for everyone. 3/Promote best possible phyisical condition for patient. (Fluids, rest, oxygen, security, nutrient, etc.) |
| Hand Hygiene required situations | Before and after direct patient contact. B/A using gloves. B/A invasive devices or catheters. Moving from contaminated body site to clean body site. After contact with objects & equipment in room. |
| List nursing diagnosis for a patient who is at risk for infection | Diagnosing disease, altered immune response, medication effect, skin integrity, lack of immunizations, malnutrition, invasive devices, social isolation, impaired oral mucous memebrane, bad dental hygiene, trauma, anxiety, bad body temperature, dehydration |
| Strategies for implementing CDC guidelines for standard and transmission based precautions | Using Standard Precautions & Transmission based precautions |
| Medical asepsis techniques | Hand hygiene,keep soiled away from clothing,nothing on floor,respiratory into tissue,move away when cleaning,no raising dust,clean least soiled first,dispose properly,pour liquids into drain,sterilize if appropriate,keep groomed,follow guidelines. |
| Order to remove Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Inside room at door:Front tie,gloves,eyewear, gown,mask, don't touch outside of any! Hand hygiene. |
| Hand Hygiene technique | Keep body/clothes away.Wet hands to the wrist downward.Lather firmly & circularly all areas and 1" above wrist at least 15 sec.Rinse downward.Pat dry upward.Turn off sink w/new towel.Lotion. |
| When is personal protective equipment (PPE) indicated? | During procedures and care activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids. |
| When is Intake and Output (I&O)usually recorded | 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00 |
| Measuring unit for intake and output (I&O) | Ml (milliliter) |
| Normal urine output for an adult | 30Ml per hour |
| Infection | Disease state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body |
| Pathogens | Disease-producing microorganisms |
| Bacteria | The most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agent in healthcare institutions. |
| Aerobic | Requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | can live without oxygen |
| Virus | Smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with an electron microscope. |
| Fungi | plant-like organsims (molds and yeasts) |
| Endemic | Disease that occurs with predictability in one specific region or population. |
| Reservoir | Natural habitat of the organism |
| Stages of Infection | 1/Incubation Period. 2/Prodromal Stage. 3/Full Stage of Illness. 4/Convalescent Period |
| Vectors | Non-human carriers that transmit organisms. Like ticks, lice, and mosquitoes |
| Antigen | Foreign material |
| Antibody | Body's response to antigen |
| Nosocomial | something originating or taking place in a hospital |
| Exogenous | Causative organism is acquired from other people |
| Endogenous | Causative organism comes from microbial life already inside |
| Iatrogenic | Infection results from treatment or procedure |
| Disinfection | Destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores. Bacteriocidal. |
| Sterilization | Destroys all microorganisms |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyegear |
| Alcohol-based handrub | Apply product. Rub all surfaces. Rub until dry, at least 15 seconds. |
| 3 Transmission-Based Precautions | Airborne:private room w/monitored neg air pressure.Door closed.Mask/respirator required.Transport patient masked O.W.N./ Droplet:Private room.PPE.Transport masked patient O.W.N. Visitors 3 feet away./Contact: Private room.PPE.Limit movement.No sharing. |
| Incubation Period | 1st stage of infection. Interval between the pathogen's invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. |
| Prodromal Stage | 2nd stage of infection. Most infectious. Early vague and nonspecific signs and symptoms. |
| Full Stage of Illness | 3rd stage of infection. Specific signs and symptoms of illness. |
| Convalescent Period | 4th stage of infection. Recovery period. |
| Normal leukocyte count (white blood cells) | 5000-10000/mm3 |
| Normal Neutrophil count | 60-70%. Increased in infections that produce puss. Decreased levels risks acute bacterial infection. Levels increase in response to stress. |
| Normal lyphocyte count | 20-40%. Increased in chronic bacterial and viral infections. |
| Normal monocyte count | 2-8%. Increased in severe infections and function as a scavenger or phagocyte. |
| Normal eosinophil count | 1-4%. May be increased in allergic reaction and parasitic infection. |
| Normal basophil count | 0.5-1%. Usually unaffected by infections. |
| Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Red blood cells settle more rapidly to the bottom of a tube of whole blood when an inflammation is present. |
| Virulence | Strength or ability of organism to cause disease. |
| Communicability | Ability of organism to spread from one person to another. |
| Transient bacteria | Bacteria attached loosely on skin, removed with relative ease. |
| Resident bacteria | Bacteria found in creases in skin, requires friction with brush to remove |
| Antiseptic | Retards growth of organisms and is bacteriostatic. |
| W.H.O. | World health organization |
| C.D.C. | Centers for Disease Control |
| O.S.H.A. | Occupational health and safety administration |
| N.I.O.S.H. | National institute for occupational safety and health |
| Nosocomial deaths per year | 90,000 |
Created by:
mrscherish
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