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M1 S1.2 LD Proteins
Module 1 Section 1.2 Lesson D Proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteins | important group of cellular molecules that performs a variety of functions within the body. - long chain molecules or polypeptides - composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that form by dehydration synthesis |
| polymers and monomers | Proteins are polymers with amino acid monomers.- The polymers are made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells. |
| What are Proteins composed of? | the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| What enzymes are Proteins responsible for forming? | Hormones , antibodies, enzymes , and the majority of structural support tissues in the human body. |
| What are the four levels of Protein structure? | primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. |
| What's a primary protein structure? | a linear sequence of amino acids linked by Peptide bonds (carbon bonded to nitrogen or C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis. |
| What's a Secondary Protein structure? | -look like primary proteins coiled into a slinky. -Twisted polypeptide chain into a helix or pleated sheet. -These twisted structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between the H atoms in the amino groups and the O atoms of close range acidic groups. |
| What's a Tertiary Protein structure? | - created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself - a three-dimensional structure - caused by certain attractions present between alpha helices and pleated sheets. - folding caused by covalent bonding between R-groups in the structure. |
| What determines the function of the Tertiary protein? | The globular shape of the tertiary protein often determines its function. |
| What's a Quarternary Protein structure? | - a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain. - made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together. The hemoglobin used to transport oxygen through the bloodstream is an example of a quaternary protein. |
| What are the differences between the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins? | Primary=sequence of a chain amino acids. Secondary=when sequence of amino acids linked by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary=when certain attractions are present betwn alpha helices and pleated sheets. Quaternary=protein consists of more than one amino acid chain. |
| How many amino acids are there and how are they distinguished? | -20 amino acids. 9 essential to human diet. -distinguished by shape and chemical properties of their side chains |
| Describe the chemical properties of an amino acid: | -have a central carbon atom -bonded to a hydrogen atom -and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), and acidic group (–COOH), and an R group. |
| What's the simplest amino acid? | Glysine |
| What type of amino acids are found in protein? | Only L-amino acids are found in protein. |
| How do polypeptide chains take shape within an amino acid? | -The phi and psi bonds within an amino acid can pivot in order for polypeptide chains to take shape. -Peptide bonds rigid, one or two opposite positions to accommodate side groups. |
| Peptide bonds | - Peptide bonds are rigid, and usually in trans configuration. - they are created within ribosomes, one at a time, linking various amino acid into polypeptide chains according to a sequence dictated by the cell’s own DNA. |
| What happens in the synthesis and degradation process of a dipeptide? | -Following a dehydration reaction, water is given off as the peptide bond joins two amino acids. -Following a hydrolysis reaction, the addition of water causes the bond to break. |
| dehydration synthesis | water is removed from the two monomers (amino acids) as the dipeptide (double amino acid) is formed. |
| peptide bond | the bond that forms between the nitrogen and carbon atoms of the two amino acids |
| dipeptide | double amino acid |
| amine | Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups. Amine is an amino group (–NH2) |
| acid (carboxyl) | Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups. Acidic/carboxyl group (–COOH) is one of them. |
| R groups | Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups. R group is also one of them, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule. |
| hemoglobin | a protein that transports oxygen in the blood. |
| Antibodies | proteins that fight off foreign substances, such as disease and bacteria, and prevent them from destroying other cells. |
| Keratin | help with your exterior appearance. makes up your hair and nails |
| collagen | help with your exterior appearance. helps support your ligaments, tendons, and skin. |
| List the major functions of proteins: | Proteins function as: - enzymes, -hormones, -plasma proteins, -structural proteins (a majority of the structural support tissue in the human body). |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions taking place in the body. It does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction to occur. |
| What kind of reactions are enzymes involved in? | -blood clotting, -synthesis and hydrolysis, -DNA replication, - Digestion. |
| How is the function of the enzyme determined? | The function of the enzyme is determined by the tertiary structure of the protein. The names of enzymes have an -ase ending, for example, amylase, lipase, and carbonic anhydrase. |
| What are the three main types of digestive enzymes? | - Carbohydrase (Amylase) enzymes (starch) - Protease enzymes (proteins) - Lipase enzymes. (fats – lipids) |
| Name 5 amino acids: | Lysine- essential Valine - essential Leucine - essential Methionine- essential Histidine- essential |
| What are the structural proteins and where are they found? | - Keratin (builds hair and nails) - collagen (gives strength to skin cartilage, ligaments, tendons; and bone) - muscle fibres are composed of actin and myosin proteins. - Structural proteins are found in many parts of the body. |
| Membrane Proteins | a cell's plasma membrane has numerous proteins embedded in it. These proteins act as channels or pores, carriers, and pumps to move molecules into and out of the cell. |
| Hormones | chemical messengers that travel throughout the body, influencing such cellular functions as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis (the internal maintenance of things like body temperature, blood sugar levels, etc.) |
| How do Hormones regulate themselves? | Hormones regulate themselves by negative feedback mechanisms. |
| Plasma Proteins | Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. It's mainly made up of water, but 7 to 8% of plasma consists of proteins. These proteins contribute to blood osmotic pressure by pulling water from the tissues. |
| Name three different plasma proteins: | - Albumin (example of a plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume and pressure). - Globulins (help fight infection), - fibrinogen (forms blood clots). |
| polymers | Proteins are polymers with amino acid monomers. |
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sarabarbot
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