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Biology Mid-Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 Steps of the Cell Cycle | G1- cell grows, S- synthesis makes a copy of DNA, G2- cell grows, M- Mitosis-cell divides |
| interphase | in between cell division |
| chromosomes | located in the nucleus; made of chromatin |
| chromatin | made of DNA |
| sexual reproduction | offspring are produced by the fusion of 2 sex cells; not identical |
| asexual reproduction | 1 parent divides and makes 2 identically genetic cells |
| Why must a cell divide before it gets too big? | because the surface area becomes not large enough for oxygen and nutrients to enter and exit the cell ; stretches=odd shape= material cannot easily pass |
| Where is the info stored that tells cells to reproduce, grow, divide, etc.? | inside the nucleus, inside DNA |
| stroma | fluid portion of chloroplast outside of the thylakoids |
| thylakoids | saclike photosynthetic membranes; stacks are called grand |
| NADP+ | carrier molecule |
| 3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis | 1. temperature 2. light intensity 3. availability of water |
| Electron Transport Chain | high energy electrons move down chain to photosystem 1 |
| hypotonic | below strength |
| hypertonic | above strength |
| isotonic | same strength |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| receptor | responds to chemical signals by allowing signaling molecule to bind |
| Why do cells communicate and how? | Cells communicate by chemical signals that are passed from cell to cell; signals speed up/ slow down activities of cells, can cause a cell to change what it's doing in a dramatic way |
| Levels of Organization in a Cell | cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| cell specialization | different types of cells play different roles and have special jobs ex. muscle cells |
| How does a cell maintain homeostasis? | grow, respond to the environment, transform energy and reproduce |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| active transport | movement of materials against a concentration difference and requires energy; molecular transport (protein pumps), bulk transport(endocytosis & exocytosis) |
| facilitated diffusion | process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels and requires no energy ex. osmosis |
| passive transport | diffusion & facilitated diffusion |
| diffusion | when particles move from an area of high concentration to low |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer can move around and "float" among the lipids, and because so many different kinds og molecules make up the cell membrane |
| lipid bilayer | gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
| cell wall | strong supporting layer around the membrane |
| mitochondria | convert chemical energy to food for the cell; power plant of a cell |
| chloroplasts | capture sun's energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments that gives a cell its shape and structure |
| vacuoles | store materials (water, salts, carbs, proteins) |
| lysosomes | break down lipids, carbs and proteins to be used in the rest of the cell; cleanup crew |
| golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or release |
| Contributors to the microscope | Robert Hooke- cork--> cells Leeuwenhoek- pond water--> bacteria |
| The Cell Theory | 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic structure and function in all living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells |
| ER (smooth and rought) | ER- lipid components, proteins and other materials are assembled rough- assembly of ribosomes smooth- enzymes w/ specialized tasks |
| nucleus | main office; contains nearly all cell's DNA and coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules |
| cytoplasm | portion outside of the nucleus |
| nucleolus | assembly of ribosomes begins |
| ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasm |
| cell membrane | thin flexible layer that allows things to enter and exit a cell |
| eukaryotic cell | encloses DNA inside a nucleus |
| prokaryotic cell | no nucleus; DNA is in cytoplasm |
| What is the purpose of staining cells? | to make them easier to see under a microscope |
| Types of Microscopes | dissecting- living samples compound electron (transmission and scanning)- most powerful, no living specimens |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| exothermic vs. endothermic | exothermic- releases energy endothermic- absorbs energy |
| activation energy | energy needed to start a reaction |
| suspension | mixtures of water and non dissolved material |
| carbohydrates | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen energy ex. glucose |
| mixture | 2 or more elements/ compounds physically combined |
| protein | nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen control rates of reactions and regulate cell processes ex. hemoglobin |
| nucleic acids | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus store and transmit hereditary/ genetic info ex. DNA & RNA |
| lipids | carbon, hydrogen store energy, biological membranes and waterproof coverings ex. olive oil |
| Light Dependent Reactions | Reactants: sun+water Location: thylakoids Products: oxygen+stored energy |
| Balanced Photosynthesis Equation | sun+6H2O+6CO2--> C6H12O6+6O2 |
| How do pigments help w/ photosynthesis? Most common in plants? | pigments gather the sun's energy to use for photosynthesis most common in plants: chlorophyll |
| What colors are in the visible spectrum? | reds--> oranges and blues--> purples |
| autotrophs | produce their own food from photosynthesis |
| heterotroph | do not make their own food and need other animals |
| How is energy stored? | AMP- 1 phosphate ADP- 2 phosphates ATP- 3 phosphates |
| light independent reaction | Reactants: carbon dioxide+ stored energy Location: stroma Products: C6H12O6 (glucose) |
| Why is energy important? 3 Forms? | energy= the ability to do work 3 Forms: light, electricity, heat |
| 4 Types of Macromolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| polymers | joined monomers |
| monomer | smaller units that form polymers |
| Characteristics of carbon | 1. can bond with many elements (4 valence electrons) 2. 1 carbon atom can bond to another (form chains almost unlimited in length) |
| base | compound that produces (OH-) hydroxide ions ex. soap |
| acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in a solution ex. hydrochloric acid |
| buffer | weal acids/ bases that can react w/ strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| solvent | the substance being dissolved ex. water |
| solute | substance that is dissolved ex. Kool-Aid powder |
| solution | all compounds are evenly distributed |
| bias | point of view that is personal rather than scientific |
| control group | exposed to same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable |
| controlled experiment | when only one variable is changed and all other variables should be kept unchanged |
| hypothesis | scientific explanations for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it |
| inference | logical interpretation based on what scientists already know |
| observation | act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way |
| peer-review | when scientific papers are reviewed by anonymous, independent experts |
| The metric system is based on a power of? Why is it so important? | 10 because it is easier to use |
| Compare the different sources of error | tools used to measure the size and weight have limited accuracy there is always variation among individuals in control and experimental groups |
| What are the types of data? | Quantitative- numbers obtained by counting or measuring Qualitative- descriptive and involve characteristics that cannot usually be counted |
| What are the different types of variables? | independent-deliberately changed dependent- observed and changes in response to the independent variable |
| Why would you use the Scientific Method? | to help us understand the world around us |
| Steps of the Scientific Method | 1. Observing/ Asking Questions 2. Inferring/ Forming a Hypothesis 3. Designing Controlled Experiments 4. Collecting and Analyzing Data 5. Drawing Conclusions |
| science | an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world |
| theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses |
| Calvin Cycle | when carbon dioxide is added to photosystem 1 |
| 5 Interesting Characteristics of Water | 1 polar 2. cohesion 3. adhesion 4. universal solvent 5. heat capacity (takes a lot of heat to break down into a gas) |
| Van der Waals force | when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules opposites attract |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements |
| molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| covalent bonds | electrons travel about the nuclei of both atoms |
| ionic bonds | when 1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| mass number vs. atomic number | mass number- total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom atomic number- number of protons in the nucleus of an element |
| Why use a radioactive isotope? | determine rock and fossil ages, detect and treat cancer, kill bacteria |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
| element | pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| compare sizes of protons, neutrons and electrons | protons and neutrons are bigger than electrons |
| What are the different parts of an atom? Location? Charges? | protons- positive; center electrons- negative; outside neutrons- neutron; center |
| biosphere | living planet |
| metabolism | builds up or breaks down materials |
| homeostasis | keeping a relatively stable internal enviroment |
| stimulus | signal to which an organism repsonds |
| DNA | info organisms need to live, grow and reproduce in genetic code |
| biology | study of life |
| system | something that has working parts ex. car |
| How does technology play a role in science? | application of materials used for other things ex. airplane windows-indestructible water bottles |
| 10 Themes of Biology | 1. Cellular Basis of Life 2. Info and Hereditary 3. Matter and Energy 4. Growth, Development and Reproduction 5. Homeostasis 6. Evolution 7. Structure and Function 8. Unity and Diversity 9. Interdependence in Nature 10. Science is a Way of Kno |
| 8 Characteristics of Living Things | 1. Living things are based on a universal genetic code 2. Living things grow and develop 3. Respond to their Environment 4. Reproduce 5. Maintain stable internal enviroment 6. Obtain/ use material and energy 7. Evolve 8. Made up of cells 4. |
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ninjabunny0
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