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Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts, Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the main features of a Chloroplast: | They consist of a double membrane which is permeable to CO2 and H2O, the inner membrane folds inwards to form Thylakoids, which contain the photosynthetic pigment Chlorophyll. These Thylakoids are stacked in Grana. Amyloplasts for storage. Stroma. |
| Thylakoids: | The membrane of these are the location of the Photosystems involved in the light dependent reaction. They contain several different types of Chlorophyll and the proteins involved in Electron Transport. There is a high concentration of H+ ions here. |
| Stroma: | This is the space between the Thylakoids, it contains all the enzymes involved in the Light Independent reaction of Photosynthesis, including RUBISCO. The Calvin Cycle occurs here. |
| Grana (singular Granum): | These are stacks of the Thylokoids. They are joined together by the Lamellae, parts of the Thylakoids that interconnect Grana. |
| Amyloplasts: | This is the location of starch storage. Where glucose molecules are stored if they are not required for Respiration right away of Cellulose to make cell walls. |
| Ring of DNA: | Codes for some of the proteins required in Photosynthesis such as RUBISCO and transport proteins. |
| Inner and Outer Membrane: | This double membrane is permeable to Carbon Dioxide and Water both of which are used in Photosynthesis. |
| Lamellae: | These are part of the Thylakoid which link stacks of Grana together. |
| Photosystem: | A combination of Proteins and Chlorophyll which absorb light and excite electrons to transport energy. Photosystems contain different types of pigment (such as Chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b etc) to absorb light at different wave lengths. |
| Why are there different photosynthetic pigments? | To make it possible for different photosystems to absorb light at different wavelengths. |
| Autotrophs: | An organism that can form its own food from energy in the sun. |
| Overall Reaction for Photosynthesis: | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy ---> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Light Dependent Reaction (Not detailed): | Takes place in the Thylakoid Membrane and is responsible for the production of some ATP and NADPH to be used in the Light Independent reaction. |
| Light Independent reaction (Not detailed): | Takes place in the Stroma of the Chloroplast and is responsible for the fixation of Carbon from CO2 onto RuBP to eventually form Glucose, using NADPH and ATP from the Light dependent Reaction. |
| Give three uses for the Glucose produced in Photosynthesis: | It can be used in Respiration to make ATP for Metabolic processes, it can be used to form Starch and Cellulose for Storage and Cell walls respectively, and it can also be used as a basis to sythnesise other organic molecules such as Amino Acids etc. |
| Chlorophyll: | These are many different pigments found in the Photosystems in the Thlakoid membrane, they are responsible for absorbing light energy at different wave lengths and using this light in Photolysis of water to to produce H+ ions. |
| Photolysis: | The splitting of Water using a photon (Light energy), to produce H+ and OH- |
| Phosphorolation: | The addition of a Phosphate to a molecules, such as ADP + Pi ---> ATP, requires energy! |
| Photophosphorylation: | The addition of Phosphate to a molecule using light energy. Such as H+ produced by Photolysis and being used to power ATP Synthase. |
| Chemiosmosis: | Pumping of H+ ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through ATP Synthase. |
| Electron Transport Chain: | A series of molecules designed to transport a high energy electron and use the energy to transport H+ ions from low conc to High conc. |
| How is ATP Formed? | The (in Photosynthesis- (Photo)Phosphorylation of ADP with use of The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesase. This requires Energy (such as from Catabolism). |
| How is Energy released from ATP? | The Hydrolysis of the end Phosphate molecule with use of ATPase releases energy, which is then used in biological processes such as Anabolism and Muscle movement, active transport etc. |
| RuBP: | Ribulose Bisphosphate - A 5 Carbon molecule which is the start and end of the Calvin Cycle. CO2 is Fixed to this using RuBISCO to form Glycerate 3-Phosphate. |
| GP: | Glycerate 3 Phosphate, formed when Carbon Fixation occurs between CO2 and RuBP using the enzyme RuBISCO. A 3 Carbon molecule, one CO2 and One RuBP make 2 of these. |
| GALP: | Glyceralydehyde 3 Phosphate, a 3 carbon molecule produced when GP is reduced using the NADPH formed during the Light Dependent reaction. The Main product of Photosynthesis as it goes on to regenerate RuBP and also for Hexose. |
| Give some uses of Hexose formed from GALP in the Light Independent Reactions: | Used to make Glucose for Respiration, Starch for Storage, Cellulose for Cell Walls. Used to make Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids. Used to form Lipids. |
Created by:
mjwilson1988
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