Question 1

Lipids

Accepted Answer

- insoluble - unable to form in water.
- non-polar (lack polar groups), no electrical attraction to polar solvents, like water.
- diverse in structure and function
- contain more energy per gram (compared to other biological molecules).

Question 2

What do Lipids include?

Accepted Answer

-  Steroids, such as sex hormones and cholesterol, which serve important functions in the body.
- Fats and Oils, which act as energy storage molecules, are also lipids.

Question 3

Phospholipids

Accepted Answer

- a key component of cell membranes.
- Lipids are diverse in structure and function, but they are unable to form in water because they lack a polar group and, as a result, have no attraction to the other groups.

Question 4

Give three examples of lipids:

Accepted Answer

- neutral fats (triglycerides)
- phospholipids
- cholesterol

Question 5

neutral fats (triglycerides)

Accepted Answer

- Three fatty acid chains attach to a single glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.

Question 6

What is the function of neutral fats?

Accepted Answer

- stores energy fuel
- insulates body tissues
- cushions and protects organs

Question 7

fatty acid chains

Accepted Answer

- the building blocks for neutral fat molecules.
- long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached to them.
- three are attached to a glycerol molecule.
- have even # of carbons - but differ in length of the chain.
end with the acidic group C

Question 8

saturated fatty acid

Accepted Answer

- have single bonds between the carbons
- originate from animal sources
- are solid at room temperature.
- have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms on the fatty acid chains

Question 9

monounsaturated

Accepted Answer

- fatty acids with one double bond.

Question 10

polyunsaturated

Accepted Answer

- fatty acids with two or more double bonds.

Question 11

What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have single bonds between the carbons, originate from animals and are solid at room temperature and unsaturated fats have double bonds between the carbons, originate from plants and are liquid at room temperature.

Question 12

Phospholipids (Phosphogylcerides)

Accepted Answer

- have a non-polar fatty acid chain portion and a phosphate polar portion
- similar to neutral fats (triglycerides), except phosphate group takes place of one of fatty acids.

- two layers of phospholipids form the chief component of all cell membranes

Question 13

Phospholipid bilayer

Accepted Answer

- two layers of phospholipid molecules
- hydrophilic (water soluable) heads form surface and interior of membrane 
- hydrophobic (water insoluable) tails face each other in the middle.

Question 14

Cholestrol

Accepted Answer

- has 4 interconnected carbon rings
- helps stabilize all animal cell membranes
- used by the body to help synthesize
membrane steroid hormones (ie sex hormones and adrenal cortex)
- used in Vitamin D sythesis
- used in bile production

Question 15

What determines the solubility of compounds?

Accepted Answer

their molecular charge. Polar (molecules  charged end) comp (salt) soluble in other polar comp -water. Non-polar (nocharge- neutral fats) dissolve in non-polar solvents-gas/thinner. Soap has polar+non-polar end,dissolve fats and oils one end/water other.

Question 16

unsaturated fats

Accepted Answer

- double bonds between any two carbon atoms with fewer than two hydrogen atoms attached to each. 
- When the carbon atoms form double bonds, empty spaces are left around the carbon atoms - give unsat fatty acids more freedom, which cause the oil to flow.

Question 17

Explain bonds in unsaturated and saturated fats:

Accepted Answer

unsaturated - (dbl bond between carbon atoms)double bonds lowers no. of hydrogen atoms
saturated- no dbl bond between carbon atoms - add single bonds gives full amount of hydrogen atoms

Question 18

What does having a non-polar and a polar end make phosoplipids do?

Accepted Answer

- automatically form a bilayer with hyhydrophilic heads that can dissolve in water facing outward, and the hydrophobic tails that can not dissolve in water forming the interior of the double-layer plasma membrane.

Question 19

steroids

Accepted Answer

- formed from cholesterol.
- ex: Hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone
- composed of a backbone of four fused carbon rings. Each steroid differs by the arrangements in the rings and by functional group attached to it.

Question 20

more about steroids:

Accepted Answer

- backbone of four fused carbon rings
- formed from a cholesterol precursor in body cells.
- have characteristics similar to fats.
- steroid hormones can move about easily in body due to their solubility in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Question 21

more about Cholestrol:

Accepted Answer

- component of animal cell's plasma
- a precursor for other steroids, such as bile salts.
- Testosterone (produced in the testes of males) and estrogen (produced in the ovaries of females) are synthesized from cholesterol.

M1 S1.2 LC Lipids

Module 1 Section 1.2 Lesson C Lipids

Question	Answer
Lipids	- insoluble - unable to form in water. - non-polar (lack polar groups), no electrical attraction to polar solvents, like water. - diverse in structure and function - contain more energy per gram (compared to other biological molecules).
What do Lipids include?	- Steroids, such as sex hormones and cholesterol, which serve important functions in the body. - Fats and Oils, which act as energy storage molecules, are also lipids.
Phospholipids	- a key component of cell membranes. - Lipids are diverse in structure and function, but they are unable to form in water because they lack a polar group and, as a result, have no attraction to the other groups.
Give three examples of lipids:	- neutral fats (triglycerides) - phospholipids - cholesterol
neutral fats (triglycerides)	- Three fatty acid chains attach to a single glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.
What is the function of neutral fats?	- stores energy fuel - insulates body tissues - cushions and protects organs
fatty acid chains	- the building blocks for neutral fat molecules. - long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached to them. - three are attached to a glycerol molecule. - have even # of carbons - but differ in length of the chain. end with the acidic group C
saturated fatty acid	- have single bonds between the carbons - originate from animal sources - are solid at room temperature. - have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms on the fatty acid chains
monounsaturated	- fatty acids with one double bond.
polyunsaturated	- fatty acids with two or more double bonds.
What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?	Saturated fats have single bonds between the carbons, originate from animals and are solid at room temperature and unsaturated fats have double bonds between the carbons, originate from plants and are liquid at room temperature.
Phospholipids (Phosphogylcerides)	- have a non-polar fatty acid chain portion and a phosphate polar portion - similar to neutral fats (triglycerides), except phosphate group takes place of one of fatty acids. - two layers of phospholipids form the chief component of all cell membranes
Phospholipid bilayer	- two layers of phospholipid molecules - hydrophilic (water soluable) heads form surface and interior of membrane - hydrophobic (water insoluable) tails face each other in the middle.
Cholestrol	- has 4 interconnected carbon rings - helps stabilize all animal cell membranes - used by the body to help synthesize membrane steroid hormones (ie sex hormones and adrenal cortex) - used in Vitamin D sythesis - used in bile production
What determines the solubility of compounds?	their molecular charge. Polar (molecules charged end) comp (salt) soluble in other polar comp -water. Non-polar (nocharge- neutral fats) dissolve in non-polar solvents-gas/thinner. Soap has polar+non-polar end,dissolve fats and oils one end/water other.
unsaturated fats	- double bonds between any two carbon atoms with fewer than two hydrogen atoms attached to each. - When the carbon atoms form double bonds, empty spaces are left around the carbon atoms - give unsat fatty acids more freedom, which cause the oil to flow.
Explain bonds in unsaturated and saturated fats:	unsaturated - (dbl bond between carbon atoms)double bonds lowers no. of hydrogen atoms saturated- no dbl bond between carbon atoms - add single bonds gives full amount of hydrogen atoms
What does having a non-polar and a polar end make phosoplipids do?	- automatically form a bilayer with hyhydrophilic heads that can dissolve in water facing outward, and the hydrophobic tails that can not dissolve in water forming the interior of the double-layer plasma membrane.
steroids	- formed from cholesterol. - ex: Hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone - composed of a backbone of four fused carbon rings. Each steroid differs by the arrangements in the rings and by functional group attached to it.
more about steroids:	- backbone of four fused carbon rings - formed from a cholesterol precursor in body cells. - have characteristics similar to fats. - steroid hormones can move about easily in body due to their solubility in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
more about Cholestrol:	- component of animal cell's plasma - a precursor for other steroids, such as bile salts. - Testosterone (produced in the testes of males) and estrogen (produced in the ovaries of females) are synthesized from cholesterol.

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