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Bio ch 5 review
bio ch 5 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the cell cycle? | regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell divisions that occur in eukaryotic cells. |
| What is the order of the cell cycle? | Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis |
| What happens in Gap 1? | carries out normal functions, cell increases size,organelles increase in number, cell passes vital checkpoint |
| What does synthesis mean? | combining parts of a whole |
| What is done during Synthesis? | DNA is duplicated, nucleus is loosely organized, end of Synthesis has two complete sets of DNA |
| What is done during Gap 2? | cells carry out normal functions, additional growth, critical checkpoint |
| What is mitosis? | division of cell nucleus and contents |
| What happens during mitosis? | nuclear membrane dissolves, duplicated DNA condenses around proteins and seperates, and two new nuclei form |
| What is cytokinesis? | divides cell cytoplasm |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What is a chromosome? | one long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes, along with regulatory info |
| What do chromosomes do during start of mitosis? | condense |
| What's DNA? | double-stranded molecule made of four different subunits known as nucleotides |
| How many chromosomes does a body cell have? | 46 |
| What is a histone? | protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps |
| What is chromatin? | loose |
| What is a chromatid? | one half of duplicated chromosome |
| What is a centromere? | region of condensed chromosome |
| What is a telomere? | repeating nucleotide at ends of DNA |
| What regulates cell division? | internal and external factors |
| What are examples of external factors? | physical and chemical factors |
| What is a growth factor? | broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division |
| What is an internal factor? | Kinase |
| What is kinase? | enzyme, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from molecule to specific molecule. typically, increases target molecule's energy or shape |
| What are cyclins? | active kinase; group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in cell cycle. |
| What is apoptosis? | programmed cell death, occurs when internal and external signals active genes that help produce self-destructive enzymes |
| What is cancer? | common name for diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division; arises when cell cycle regulation breaks down; form in disorganized clumps called tumors |
| What is a benign tumor? | tumor that is not dangerous to health, just abnormal growth; cured by removal |
| What is a malignent tumor? | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of body, causing harm |
| What does it mean to metastasize? | to spread by transferring disease-causing agent from site of disease to other parts of body |
| What is a carcinogen? | substance that produces or promotes development of cancer |
| What is asexual reproduction? | creation of offspring from single parent and doesn't involve joining of gametes |
| What is binary fission? | asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts |
| What is conjugation? | sexual reproduction of bacteria. Male's pilus(tube) transfers DNA to female |
| What is transduction? | process that transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another |
| What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? | If some organism members lack ability to reproduce, entire population could die out. |
| What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? | produces more offspring, no mate needed |
| What is budding? | when a small part of parent grows, seperates, and becomes another organism |
| What is fragmentation? | parent splits into pieces, each growing int new organisms |
| What is vegetative reproduction? | offsprings stay connected to parent through structures called runners |
| What are tissues? | groups of cells that work together to perform special function |
| What are organs? | groups of tissues that work together to perform special or related functions |
| What are organ systems? | groups of organs that carry out similar functions |
| What do organ systems achieve as they work together? | homeostasis |
| What is cell differentiation? | process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions; only uses certain genes |
| What helps determine how cell will differentiate? | embryo's location |
| What can stem cells do? | divide and renew for long time, remain undifferentiated in form, develop into variety of specialized cell types |
| What are three processes that affect embryo development? | cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis |
| What is morphogenesis? | cells are organized into tissues and organs; gives organism its shape; determines which end of plant turns into shoot system and which end of an animal turns into the end |
| Where do stem cells come from? | adults and embryos |
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kayla26tran
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