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Chapter 5&6 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells | cell cycle |
| The cell cycle in --- cells | eukaryotic |
| What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? | gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, mitosis |
| Cell carries out its normal functions and increase in size and organelles increase in numbers | Gap 1 |
| What does synthesis mean? | the combining of parts to make a whole |
| Cell makes a copy of nuclear DNA and by the end, there are 2 complete sets of DNA | synthesis |
| Cells continue to carry out normal functions | Gap 2 |
| the division of the cell nucleus and its contents | mitosis |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| What are the two types of external factors? | Physical and Chemical signals |
| What is an example of a physical signal? | Cell contact- when a cell touches other cells, it stops dividing |
| broad group of protiens that stimule cell division | growth factors |
| What are two examples of internal factors? | Kinase and Cyclins |
| enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific taget molecule | Kinase |
| A group of protiens that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle | cyclins |
| programmed cell death | apoptosis |
| Does kinase affect the molecule's activity? | yes |
| When does apoptosis happen? | when internal or external signals activate genes that help produce self-destuctive enzymes |
| common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell division | cancer |
| Cancer happens when regulation of --- breaks down | the cell cycle |
| Cancer cells remain clustered together, may be harmless and could be cured by removing it | benign tumor |
| some of cancer cells can break away from tumor, can be treated with radiation or chemo | malignat tumor |
| Can cancer cells come from normal cells? | Yes, when they have suffered damage to the genes that help make protiens in the cell cycle |
| What are the 2 types of mutations that cancer cells can carry? | oncogenes, a type that acts as a cell cycle break |
| What do ocnogenes do? | they accelerate the cell cycle |
| substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer | carcinogens |
| the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve gametes | asexual reproduction |
| asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts | binary fission |
| How do prokaryotes reproduce? | binary fission |
| What are some advantages of asexual reproduction? | Good in environments that do not change much, do not have to find a mate, etc. |
| What are some disadvantanges of asexual reproduction? | Not as much genetic variation, Bad in changing environments |
| How do eukaryotes reproduce? | mitosis |
| What are some ways that eukaryotics reproduce asexually? | budding, fermentation, and vegetative reproduction |
| group of cells that work together to preform a similar function | tissues |
| groups of tissues that work together to preform and specific function or related funcations | organs |
| organs that carry out similar functions | organ systems |
| the process by which unspecialized cells develip into their mature forms and functions | cell differentiation |
| Each cell uses only the --- it needs to ---. | genes; function |
| What determines how a cell will differentiate? | The cells loaction in the embryo |
| unique type of body cell that has the ability to do 3 things | stem cell |
| What 3 things can stem cells do? | divide and renew themselves for long periods of time, remain in undifferentiated form, develop into a variety of cell types |
| What processes affect cell development? | cell division, cell differentiaion, and morphogenesis |
| process by which cells are organuzed into tissues and organs | morphogenesis |
| What are the 3 types of stem cells? | totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent |
| totipotent | can grow into any other cell |
| pluripotent | can grow into any cell type except totipotent |
| multipotent | can grow into cells of closely related cell family |
| Adult stem cells can be grown in ---. | culture |
| Adult stem cells --- a transplant rejection | prevent |
| Adult stem cells are --- in number, difficult to ---, and sometimes tricky to ---. | few, isolate, grow |
| Adult stem cells raise --- issues. | ethical |
| What are some uses of adult stem cells? | treat leukema and lymphoma, cure diseases, replace damaged organs |
| What limits the maximum size of a cell? | the ratio of cell surface area to volume |
| Stem cells are important to multicellular organisms because of their capacity to --- | differentiate |
| Before a cell can move from the G1 or G2 stage to the next stage of the cell cycle, it must grow and --- | pass a critcal checkpoint |
| Make up most body tissues and organs | somatic cells |
| Cells in reproductive organs | germ cells |
| What do germ cells develop into? | eggs or sperm (gametes) |
| How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have? | 23 |
| Two chromosomes that have the same length and appearance | homologous chromosomes |
| Characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism | autosomes |
| What chromosome pairs make up autosomes in humans? | 1-22 |
| Chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics | sex chromosomes |
| What are the 2 sex chromosomes? | x&y |
| Are sex chromosomes homologous? | no |
| Process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced | sexual reproduction |
| The fusion of an egg and a sperm cell | fertilization |
| Means a cell has two copies of each chromosome | diploid |
| What represents a diploid cell? | 2n |
| Means that a cell only has one copy of each chromosome | haploid |
| polyploidy | multipule sets of chromosmes |
| tetraploid | 36 chromosomes (4 sets) |
| hexaploid | 54 chromosomes (6 sets) |
| octaploid | 72 chromosomes (8 sets) |
| decaploid | 90 chromosomes (10 sets) |
| A form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells | meiosis |
| Gametes start out ---, but then can become --- than somatic cells | small; larger |
| Plants have more than --- copies of each chromosome | 2 |
| Meiosis is divided up into --- and ---. | Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
| The duplicated chromosomes thar remain attached by a centromere | sister chromatids |
| What happens in meiosis I? | Divides homologous chromosomes producing 2 haploid cells with duplicate chromosomes |
| What happens in meiosis II? | Divides sister chromatids and results in undoubled chromosomes |
| The production of gametes | gametogenesis |
| What does the egg contribute? | DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles |
| What does the sperm contribute? | DNA |
| The sperm is --- than the egg | smaller |
| Haploid cell produced by female during meiosis | polar bodies |
| Is the DNA replicated before meiosis I? | yes |
| Is the DNA replicated before meiosis II? | no |
Created by:
kfran0112
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