Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Microbiology 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism is the sum of all | biochemical reactions (anabolic + catabolic) |
| catabolism is the...to provide... | degredation of organic molecules...energy (ATP source) |
| anabolism is the..from...and it requires... | synthesis of larger organic molecules...smaller ones..energy |
| food that is broken dow by digestive enzymes gets mixed with...and then it enters the cell and either goes through...or... | oxygen...catabolism or anabolism |
| if the food goes through catabolism then it will be broken down by...and produce..which are...AND it produces... | respiratory enzymes...waste products, co2 and h20...biproducts...energy |
| if the food goes through anabolism then it is combined with...to... | energy...synthesize protein and other chemicals |
| what is the food for more eukaryotes | glucose |
| catabolism often happens through...and what is the equation? | cellular respiration...cho62126 + 02 > co2 + h20 + energy |
| aerobic respiration is the | most effecient method of catabolism |
| nutritional classification of microbes includes | autotrophs, heterotrophs and fastidious microbes |
| autotroph means...and uses..as a... | self-feeding...co2.. c source, |
| co2 as a c source is a | non-organic source for energy |
| autotrophs often involve | photosynthesis by plants and some bacteria via chlorophyl |
| most pathogens are...which means... | heterotrophic...other-feeding |
| heterotrophs use....as a c source, which provides them with.... | preformed organics like sugars, proteins and fats...energy |
| fastidious is a subgroup of..meaning... | heterotrophs...difficult to please |
| fastidious microbes require...in order to grow | extra nutritional supplements (more than those in ordinary bhi medium) |
| example of fastidious microbe would be | blood-loving bacteria haemophilus influenza that grows on blood agar (causes meninigitis - needs iron) |
| cellular respiration is the process in which | nutrients are converted into usable energy |
| ...is the most efficient energy-producing molecule | glucose |
| heterotrophic reactions include | aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation |
| aerobic respiration uses...in the equation... | 02...cho6126 + 6 o2 > 6 co2 + 6 h20 + 24e |
| the 24 e that come from aerobic respiration go through the...which yields... | electron transport chain (cytochrome system)...38 ATPs - from one molecule of glucose |
| what is the purpose of oxygen in aerobic respiration? | it is the final electron acceptor |
| anaerobic respiration uses...under the equation... | nitrate as the final electron acceptor...cho6126 + 4 no3 > 6 co2 + 6 h20 + 2 n2 |
| fermentation is only used | when aerobic respiration runs out of nutrients |
| fermentation uses...instead of..as electron acceptor | organic c...o2 |
| fermentation equation | cho6126 + 2 cho343 +4h+ energy (pyruvic acid) > 2 cho343 |
| fermentation yields | 2 atp |
| bec fermentation yields so little atp.... | growth is slower than aerobes |
| which hetertrophic reactions require oxygen | aerobic only |
| type of phosphorylation in aerobic/anaerobic respiration? | substrate-level and oxidative |
| type of phosphorylation in fermentation | substrate-level |
| final electron acceptor for aerobic, anaerobic and fermenation | oxygen, no3 so4 co3, organic molecules |
| potential molecules of atp produced from aerobic | 36-38 |
| potential molecules of atp produced from anaerobic | 2-36 |
| potential molecules of atp produced from fermentation | 2-6 |
| substrate level means | initial breakdown of glucose |
| central metabolism (catabolism) consists of 3 distinct pathways including | glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain |
| glycolysis is when...is turned into... | glucose > pyruvate + 2atp |
| in glycolysis, glucose has...and it requires...and gives off...so there is a net of.... | 6 carbons...2atp...4 atp...2 atp |
| glycolysis also gives off...which is when glucose gains... | 2 nadh...an electron |
| glycolysis ultimately results in | 2 pyruvates of 3 carbons each |
| krebs cycle is also called...and it uses... in..to go around the cycle and make... | TCA cycle...c..pyruvate..make atp, co2 and lots of electrons |
| the pyruvates from glycolysis go into the...and immediately give off... | krebs cycle...2 nadh |
| krebs cycle absolutely needs... | o2 or a final electron acceptor |
| the two pyruvates go into the krebs cycle and give off... | 8 more nadh, 2 fadh2, co2 and 2 atp |
| after the krebs cycle,...from glycolysis and the krebs cycle go into the... | 12 nadh and 2fadh2...electron transport chain |
| the ETC is when the...feed into the...then pump out....to make a... | electrons...e transport chain...protons...gradient |
| as protons return into the cell (since...)they are...to make... | there is such a neg charge inside the cell (all of the electrons) all of the +protons want back in...coupled...34 atp |
| electron transport chain requires | oxygen |
| protons get back into the cell through the...where they cause.. | atp synthase...adp to join with free p to form atp |
| atp synthesis happens when the ...create a... | protons pumped out by the electron transport system...chemiosmotic gradient (potential energy) |
| the gradient causes ATP synthase to | turn to make atp |
| fermentation is an | alternative pathway for catabolism |
| fermentation involves the | additional synthesis of atp in the absence of oxygen |
| fermentation occurs under | anaerobic conditions |
| in fermentation, atp generation via...requires... | atp synthase...o2 |
| under anaerobic conditions, some...can derive energy through... | yeasts and bacteria...fermentation |
| yeasts and bacteria in anearobic conditions undergo....which afterwards, the pyruvic acid is then broken down to... | glycolysis...further end products with a gain of atp (ethanol + co2, lactic acid, acetone and acetic acid) |
| yeasts, when under anaerobic conditions, convert...then go one step farther by converting...which makes up the processes of | glucose to pyruvate via the glycolysis pathways...pyruvate into ethanol...beer brewing and bread baking |
| as an anaerobic form of respiration, some organisms will...such as...which is called... | ferment pyruvate into other chemicals...lactic acid..lactic acid fermentation |
| lactic acid fermentation occurs in some...and some...such as... | bacteria...animal cells...muscle cells |
| the electron transport chain is located in the...for eukaryotes and the..for prokaryotes | cell wall...G+ outer membrane, G- inner membrane |
| so, yeasts take glucose, breaks it down to...and gives off... | 2 pyruvate...2 atp |
| after yeast turns glucose into 2 pyruvate, it breaks it down further into...and gives off... | 2 acetaldehyde...2 co2 |
| after yeast breaks 2 pyruvate into 2 acetaldehyde it takes one last step to break it down to... | 2 ethanol |
| propionibacterium ferments...via... | swiss cheese...coc2 and propionic acid |
| bacillus lactobacillus and streptococcus ferment...via... | cheddar cheese, yogurt and soy sauce....lactic acid |
| saccharomyces ferment...via... | wine and beer...co2 ethanol |
| clostridium ferment...via... | nail polish remeover and rubbing alcohol...acetone, isopropanol |
| escherichia acetobacter ferments...via... | vinegar...acetic acid |
| anaerobic respiration generally does not involve | fermentation |
| some organisms use an alternative to...as the....and are called... | o2..final electron acceptor during atp synthesis...anaerobes |
| organisms evolved to anerobic respiration as a | primary source of energy (species-specific) |
| examples of electron acceptors for anaerobes include | sulfates, carbonates, nitrates, nitrous oxide and nitrogen |
| sulfates get converted to | hydrogen sulphide gas |
| carbonates get converted to | methan gas |
| enzymes are requires for | biological reactions |
| enzymes are...that... | molecules...catalyze all the chemical steps occurring in life |
| nearly all known enzymes are | proteins |
| in a chemical reaction, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called...and the enzyme... | substrates...converts them into different molecules called the products |
| enzymes are very | selective for their substance (lock and key) |
| ex of an enzyme would be the one that converts | sucrose to glucose + fructose |
| DNA is the most | imp molecule in the cell |
| DNA is comprised of...linked to a... | 4 bases...deoxyribose-phosphate backbone |
| base pairing is completely | specific (a:t, g:c) |
| dna consists of....that are... | 2 strands of DNA...complimentary (5'-3' or vis versa) |
| dna replication fork is the | original double helix molecule |
| what enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs? | helicase enzyme |
| helicase enzyme...the double helix at a position called the... | unzips...replication fork |
| there is an abundant supply of...in the nucleus for the formation of... | nucleotides...the new polynucleotides |
| nucleotides base pair to the | bases in the original strand |
| ...joins together the nucleotides with...to form a new | dna polymerase...strong covalent phosphodiester bonds...complimentary polynucleotide strand |
| the double strand...under the influence of an... | reforms a double helix...enzyme |
| ...of the dna molecule form behind the...and these are the new... | 2 copies...replication fork...daughter chromosomes |
| nucleotides base pair to the | bases in the original strands by hydrogen bond |
| prokaryotes have...with roughly how many nucleotide pairs | small circular dna...5 million |
| prokaryotes can...roughly every... | replicate quickly...40 mins |
| prokaryotic dna replication begins with a...in the molecule called the... | single, fixed location...replication origin |
| eukaryotes have...with roughly how many nucleotide pairs | much larger dna...150 million nucleotide pairs |
| eukaryotic dna replication can take...and this limits the... | several hours...speed of cell division |
| eukaryotic organisms accelerate DNA replication by having | thousands of replication forks along the length of the dna molecule |
| PCR stands for...and it helps to... | polymerase chain reaction...identify bacteria by dna |
| pcr was discovered by | kary mullis - nobel prize winning biochemist |
| the purpose of a pcr is to make a | huge number of copies of a gene in vitro (out of the cell) |
| in order to make a huge number of copies of a gene in vitro, it is necessary to have | enough starting templates for sequencing |
| pcr is now a common technique used in...for a variety of applications | medical and biological research labs |
| applications of pcr include 3 things | diagnosis of hereditary diseases (mutated genes), identification of genetic fingerprints (used in forensic sciences and paternity testing) and detection/diagnosis of infectious disease |
| rnauses...instead of... | ribose sugar...deoxyribose |
| rna has...but uses...insteado f... | 4 bases...uracil insteadof thymine |
| rna is encoded by...and there are 3 types.. | .dna...mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| transcription takes...to... | dna...to rna |
| translation takes...to... | rna...proteins |
| what is the start codon | aug |
| eukaryotic replication occurs in the...prokaryotic replication occurs in the... | nucleus...cytoplasm |
| eukaryotic transcription occurs in the...prokaryotic transcription occurs in the... | nucleus...cytoplasm |
| eukaryotic translation occurs in the...and prokaryotic translation occurs in the... | cytoplasm |
| in prokaryotes, rna...is... | transcription and translation are coupled |
| binary fission is | asexual bacterial cell division |
| generation time is also called...and is the time... | doubling time...it takes to undergo one cycle of binary fission |
| generation time...but the average is about.. | varies...30 mins |
| mycobacteria have doubling time of | hours |
| growth cycle of bacteria include | lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase |
| the lag phase is when growth is...while the... | slow at first...bugs acclimate to the food andnutrients in their new habitat (may need to make enzymes to digest the food) |
| log phase is also called the | exponential phase |
| log phase happens once the...is running and the microbes start... | metabolic machinery...multiplying exponentially, doubling in numbers every few minutes |
| stationary phase occurs as more andmore bugs are...and what stops | competing for dwindling food and nutrients...booming growth and the number of bacteria stabilizes |
| death phase is when | toxic waste products build up and food is depleted and the bugs begin to die |
| in the lab, under favorable conditions, a growing bacterial population doubles at | regular intervals |
| growth is...which means... | geometric progression (1 > 2 > 4 > 8 > 16)...exponential |
| equation for binary fission | b = B x 2^n |
| b = | number of bacteria at the end of the time interval |
| B = | number of bacteria at the beginning of a time interval |
| n = | number of generations (times the cell population doubles during the time interval) |
| aerobically different bacteria behave differently when grown in | liquid cultures like in thioglycolate |
| thioglycolate binds to..and removes it from... | free dissolved o2....from medium |
| obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the | top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen |
| obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the...to... | bottom...avoid oxygen bec its toxic to them |
| facultative anaerobic bacteria are primarily...and... | aerobic...alternatively anaerobic |
| facultative anaerobic bacteria can grow with or without...but preferentially grow... | oxygen...with oxygen |
| facultative anaerobic bacteria gather | all along the test tube since the lack of oxygendoes not hurt them |
| microaerophiles require...but at a ... | oxygen...low concentration |
| microaerophiles gather at the | uppper part of the test tube but not at the very top |
| aerotolerant anaerobes do not | utulize oxygen and are not affected by it |
| aerotolerant anaerobes are | evenly spread out along the test tube |
| in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, important...depend on... | metabolic processes...oxygen for the production of energy |
| the downside of complex metabolic processes, however, is the...of... | inevitable generation...highly reactive and aggressive intermediate products of oxygen known as free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
| ROS lack an...in their...so they... | electron...chemical structure...attack other molecules to "steal" this missing electron |
| the attacked molecules are turned into...in the process and now also... | free radicals...need to get an electron starting a vicious cycle |
| high ROS concentration may ...which causes... | attack important proteins of metabolic processes, cell membranes and the genetic material (DNA)...massive damage to a variety of body cells |
| reactive oxygen free radicals are created in the...from.. | cell..everyday functions of metabolism |
| reactive oxygen free radicals need to be...by...or they will cause... | eliminated...antioxidants...damage |
| two antioxidants include | superoxide dismutase and catalase and gllutathione peroxidase |
| SOD is an...which reacts with the...to form the... | enzyme...harmful free radical...hydrogen peroxide radical (also harmful, but less so than o2) |
| GPx is an..which reacts with...to render the... | enzyme...hydrogen peroxide...free radical harmless |
| SOD = | 2 02 + 2h > o2 + h202 |
| catalase and GPx = | h202 > o2 + 2 h20 |
| obligate aerobe requires | molecular oxygen for growth (c + sd) |
| obligate anaerobe is killed by | oxygen (no c or sd) |
| facultative anaerobe grows | with/without oxygen (c + sd) |
| microaerophile needs | small amounts of oxygen (some sd) |
| aerotolerant don't | need oxygen but are not killed by it (some sd) |
| 4 categories of temperature-dependent growth include | psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles and extreme thermophiles (hyperthermophiles) |
| psychrophiles optimal growth range is | -15 C or 5 F |
| mesophiles optimal growth range is...and they are... | 37 C or 98.6 F...pathogenic |
| thermophiles optimal growth range is | 60 C or 140 F |
| extreme or hyperthermophiles optimal rnage is | > 100 C or 212 F |
| pH dependent growth: bugs can either be | acidophiles neutrophiles or alkalophiles |
| acidophiles have a...and when they are less than...they are... | low pH (high acid)...5....sour |
| example of acidophile would b3 | lactobacillus acidophilus |
| lactobacillus acidophilus is part of the...and it does what... | normal vaginal flora..ferments sugars into lactic acid |
| lactobacillus acidophilus; the acid is produced in...and may help to control the....thus helping to... | vagina...growth of the fungus candida albicans...prevent vaginal yeast infections |
| neutrophiles are...and rangefrom.... | neutral...pH 6-8 |
| alkalophiles have...and when they are great than...they are... | high pH...8...bitter |
| when counting bacteria, first you make...then you...and lastly you... | serial dilutions of culture...p[late out and let grow...count colonies and calculate numbers |
| you calculate numbers by taking the...and... | plate count...multiplying it by the dilution factor (159 * 10^3 = 1.59 x 10^5) |
| bacteria can grow | very quickly on surfaces (wounds furniture, hospital equipment ect) |
| harmful effects of bacteria include...that are the result of... | nosocomial infections...treatment in a hospital or a healthcare service unit |
| nosocomial infections are considered... | secondary to the patient's original condition |
| infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear... | 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge |
| benefits of bacteria happen via | commensal bacteria |
| commensal bacteria provude...., development of...synthesis of....production of...and reduction of... | immune system activation...mucosal barrier....vitamins...short-chain fatty acids (so they are absorpable)...pH in large intestine (neutralize) |
| koch's postulates 1 | the microbe must be present in every case of the disease |
| koch's postulates 2 | the microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture |
| koch's postulates 3 | the specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of th emicrobe is inoculated into a healthy host |
| koch's postulates 4 | the microbe must be recovered once again from the experimentally infected host |
| a pure culture is a | population of cells derived from a single cell |
| the study of bacteria involves the study of | a population of cells rather than individual cells |
| a colony of bacteria is made up of | millions of identical bacterial cells, each originating from one single cell |
| in nature, most bacteria are found...i.e. as a... | living with other organisms...mixed culture, and not as pure cultures |
| clone in biology is the process of | producing populations of genetically identical individuals |
Created by:
handrzej
Popular Biology sets