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Bacteria and Archaea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Gram stain technique? | With this technique you can tell Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria. |
| What does the Gram-positiv bacterias cell wall contain? | A thick layer of peptidoglycan. |
| What does the Gram-negative bacterias cell wall contain? | A thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides. |
| What is peptidoglycan? | A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. |
| What helps the prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individals in a colony. And is also used for protection. | Capsule |
| The prokaryotes use this to attach itself to other cells. | Fimbria |
| What is the appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNS transfer from one cell to the other called? | Pili |
| What is a procaryotes movement from or towards a chemical stimulus called? | Chemotaxi |
| What is the tail-like part of the prokaryote that helps it move called? It aan be just one in one end of the cell, or the cell could be covered in it. | Flagella |
| What is the area in the procaryotes cytoplasma that appears lighter, where the DNA lays called? | Nucleoid |
| Small rings of independently replicating DNA. | Plasmids |
| A singel cell duplicating into to identical cells. | Binary fission |
| A copy of the DNA packed in a tough multilayered structure. Can survive extreme invironments. | Endospores |
| When the movement of genes from one organisme to another and the individuals are members if different species. | Horizontal gene transfer |
| When foreign DNA becomes a part of the original DNA to the cell. | Transformation |
| Phages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. | Transduction |
| DNA is tranferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined. | Conjugation |
| Organisms that obtain energy from light | Phototrophs |
| Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals | Chemotrophs |
| Orgaisms that need only CO2 in som form as a carbon source. | Autotrophs |
| Organisms that require at least one organic nutrient, such as glucose, to make other oranic compounds. | Heterotrophs |
| Organisms that must use O2 for cellular respiration is called? | Obligate aerobes |
| Organismes that are poisoned by O2 | Obligate anaerobes |
| Organismes that uses O2 if it is availeble, but can live without it is called? | Facultative anaerobes |
| What is the process called when an organisme converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) called? | Nitrogen fixation |
| Archaea often lives in enveronments so extreme that fea other organismes can survive there, what are this organisms called? | Extremophiles |
| Organisms that live in extreme salty environment. | Extreme halophiles |
| Organisms that live in extremly hot environment. | Extreme thermophiles |
| Archaeas that release methane as a byproduct of their unique ways of obtaining energy. | Methanogens |
| An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other. | Symbiosis |
| An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit | Mutualism |
| En ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other os not harmed or helped in any significant way | Commensalism |
| An ecological relationship where one organisme destroys the other. | Parasitism |
| Pathogenic prokaryotes usually cause illness by producing poisons, that can be done in two ways, what are thay called? | Exotoxins and endotoxins |
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