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Microbiology 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pili are only in | prokaryotic cells |
| flagella in pros are made of | the protein flagellin |
| mesosomes are | not really part of prokaryotic cells but are caused by preparation of the slide |
| bacterial ribosomes are the target for | antibiotics bec they're different from our ribosomes |
| G+ color | dark purple/blue |
| G- color | pink |
| cell envelope structure of a G+ bacterium has a...with a relatively...made of... | plasma membrane...thick cell wall...peptidoglycan |
| the....glues the...to the... | LTA...phospholipid bilayer...PG layer |
| cell envelope structure of a G- bacterium has | two membranes (inner plasma membrane and outer membrane) |
| the outer membrane is located within the...and this also contains the... | cell wall...periplasmic gel/space and the thin PG layer |
| the periplasmic gel/space exists because | the PG is only anchored to the outer membrane, not to the inner plasma membrane |
| G+/G- bacterial cell walls differ in regards to | thickness of PG layer and presence of outer membrane |
| proteins/pores are used to | allow nutrients into/out of the cell |
| gram staining involves how many steps | 4 |
| gram stain step 1 | application of crystal violet |
| crystal violet goes through | all membranes in G+/G- cells |
| step 2 of gram staining | application of iodine |
| iodine is a...that also... | mordant...goes through all layers of the cell membrane(s) |
| step 3 of gram stain | alcohol wash which decolorizes the G- cells |
| alcohol causes the...which causes... | denaturing of PG layer...the layer to shrink so it prevents crystal violet from leaving the cytoplasm of G+ and dissappears in G- |
| step 4 in gram staining | application of safranin which is a counterstain |
| safranin does what | it colors the G- cells pink |
| structure of PG: it is a...similar to... | mesh...fabric |
| PG consists of | polysaccharides (glycan) backbone and polypeptide cross-bridges |
| G+ cells have | repeating units of polypeptides in the PG layer |
| in G+ cells, the PG layer is located | just outside the cytoplasmic membrane |
| do nag or nam have the polypeptide bridges? | nam |
| PG is present only in...and it is the target for... | bacteria...antibiotic drugs |
| penicillin is an.....that prevents... | antibiotic...synthesis of PG causing bacteria to burst |
| lysozymes are...that are present in | enzymes...tear secretions and phagocytic granules |
| lysozymes do what | break up the PG backbone (nam and nag) |
| lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are also called...and consist of... | endotoxin...3 layers |
| 3 layers of LPS are | lipid A, core, o antigen |
| endotoxins or LPS contain a very...called... | hyrdophobic lipidrich inner layer...lipid A |
| lipid A is the...and it leads to... | toxic part of the molecule...toxic/septic shock as it binds to macrophages/actiated lymphs which release cytokines that ^ et pt and relax blood vessels = dec BP |
| LPS or endotoxins also consist of a...called the... | polysaccharide middle layer...core |
| LPS or endotoxins are lastly made of a...called the... | polysaccharide outer layer...o antigen |
| o antigen defines | specific strains of specimen |
| lipid A is made of...which... | fatty acids and sugars...embed in the outer membrane |
| changing sequence of...make bacteria able to... | o-side chain (antigen)...make new strains |
| endospores are only located in specific | G+ |
| endospores are the most | stable living thing known |
| a survival strategy by certain gram postive bacteria is the formation of...which is formed in response to... | endospores...harsh conditions including nutrient deprivation |
| harsh conditions allow the bacterium to produce a | dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve its genetic material in times of extreme stress |
| endospores are resistant to | drying, freezing, boiling, UV and time |
| once inculcated in nutrient rich environment, endospores... | germinate and produce the original organism |
| the outer....surrounding the endospore provides much of the... | proteinaceous coat...chemical and enzymatic resistance |
| beneath the coat of an endospore resides a...of.. | very thick layer...specialized PG called the cortex |
| the core of the endospore contains the | genetic material |
| bacteria divide by...until they.. | binary fission repeatedly...run out of nutrients |
| binary fission involves the...then.. | duplication of prokaryotic chromosomes...continued growth of cell and then it splits |
| G+ bacteria only form... | endospores under harsh conditions |
| endospore formation starts with...then the bacteria undergo a...which begins to develope... | vegetative cell...harsh condition...spore coat |
| once the spore coat is formed, a...is produced and then... | mother cell...the membrane goes away and you are left with the endospore |
| example of endospore would be | clostridium tetani |
| endospore-forming gram positive rods are present in...so if you..then the spres... | soil...step on a dirty nail...germinate deep within the tissue |
| fully grown endospore/bacteria release | toxin which causes the disease tetanus (lock jaw) |
| fungi have...but they're comprised of... | walls...chitin (diff polysaccharide) |
| fungi have...but are much less... | spores...stable than bacterial spores |
| fungal spores are stable to..but not to... | drying...boiling |
| fungal spores may survive...and they can...in the... | several years...circulate...air and may cause allergic rhinitis when inhaled |
| protozoa are a large group of...which lack a... | eukaryotic, single-celld organisms...rigid cell wall |
| protozoa are usually...and can be found in... | free living... a variety of freshwater/marine environments and the soil |
| many protozoa are | parasitic in other animals including humans |
| some protozoa can form a...which is a... | cyst..dormant stage |
| cysts occur in response to | adverse conditions such as lack of food |
| the cyst is a...with a highly... | protective stage...condensed cytoplasm and resistant cell wall usually passed in the feces |
| protozoa are characterized by motility to 3 groups | flagellates, cilliates or they're non-mmotile |
| most multicellular parasites like...are also...which helps them... | helminths (worms)...motile...infect us |
| mostly protozoan infections occur in...and on average there are... | underdeveloped countries...5 mil deaths/yr and 1 bil infected |
| viruses have..which is where... | capsids..dna/rna is located |
| virus' need | hosts for replication (not free living) |
| viruses are not...so they don't have... | cells...cell walls |
| all viruses have a..also called a... | protein coat...capsid |
| some viruses also have a...over the... | membrane cover...protein coat(envelooped viruses) |
| viruses can either be | naked or enveloped |
| the envelope has | glycoproteins around it |
| bacteriophages are... | viruses that can only infect bacteria |
| the binomial system for naming includes | genus then species |
| the genus name can hint at the.. | shape (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae or bacillus anthracis) |
| species often named for | disease or discoverer (streptococcus pneumoniae -pneumonia or borrelia burgdorferi - willi burgdorfer - lyme disease - spirochete) |
| names are often | abbreviated |
| by convention, genus and species are either | italicised or underlined |
| a strain is a...or an... | varient of a plant, virus or bacterium..inbred animal used for experimental purposes |
| eg of a strain is a | uropathogenic strains of e. coli that cause urinary tract infections |
| serovar is also called...and is a group of... | serotype...microorganisms classified together based on their cell surface antigens |
| serovars allow the | epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level |
| example of serovar would be | e coli o157h7 which causes food born infection outbreaks |
| the o in e coli o157h7 refers to | the variant type of o antigen from LPS |
| the h in e coli o157h7 refers to | the flagellin variant |
Created by:
handrzej
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