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NPB 101
Lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Be able to recite and draw the graph given showing the relationship between the PNS and the CNS | Sensory and visceral stimuli go to the afferent division which goes to the central nervous system in the brain and spine. That leads to the efferent division. |
| What receptor cell responds to light? | Photoreceptors in retina |
| What receptor cell responds to muscle stretch? | Stretch receptor in muscle |
| What receptor cell responds to muscle/tendon tension? | Tension receptor in the tendon |
| What receptor cell responds to sound, linear/rotational acceleration? | Hair cells in three parts of the inner ear |
| What receptor cell responds to Sweet, bitter, sour, salt? | Taste receptors in the tounge |
| What receptor cell responds to blood plasma osmolarity? | osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus |
| What receptor cell responds to change in blood pressure? | Baroreceptors |
| What receptor cell responds to Starch, peptides, fats, pH, osmolarity? | Receptors in small intestines |
| What receptor cell responds to touch, temperature, pain? | Receptors in skin |
| What is a cell at rest? | A cell that has not been affected by a stimuli |
| What is a cell that is stimulated? | A cell that has been affected by a stimuli |
| What is an afferent neuron? | A neuron that sends signals to the CNS such as the brain and spine. In those areas the signals must be going up, such as up the spine into the brain. |
| What is an efferent neuron? | A neuron that sends a signal out of the CNS into the PNS |
| What are the two forms of afferent cells? | Signals and receptors. Signals can communicate directly with efferent cells. Receptors are afferent cells that are stimulated by a specific stimuli. |
| What are the qualities of the CNS? | The neurons are entirely in the skull or spine. It is also the retina. |
| What are the qualities of the PNS? | There are receptor cells in the ear, nose, and tongue. They are outside the skull or spine. This includes the enteric receptors. |
| How does length affect neurons? | How far they reach |
| How does diameter affect neurons? | How well the signal is transfered |
| How does breadth affect neurons? | How many cells they can communicate with |
| How do numbers affect neurons? | How many cells are dedicated to a specific function |
| How do differences in shape affect neurons? | If they function like those with the same shape |
| How do connections affect neurons? | How many neurons are communicating |
| How does location affect neurons? | How it is relative to the skull and vertebrae |
| How does direction affect neurons? | If its afferent or efferent |
| How does type affect neurons? | Whether its a receptor, spike, or interneuron or not a neuron at all |
| How does polarity affect neurons? | The dendrites, the axon, and the axon cable |
| What are the different types of connections? | one to one, many to few called convergence, or one to many called divergence. |
| Be able to draw and label an axon | Label the dendrites, axon, and axon terminal as well as the structural properties |
| What does a receptor cell do? | Transforms stimuli energy into electrical signals |
| What do interneurons do? | Process signals locally and regulate the flow of information |
| What do spiking cells do? | Generate spikes (action potentials) |
| What does the central nervous system control? | Percieve, learn, remember, reason, choose, conceive, emote |
| What does the motor nervous system control? | Locomotion, breathing, chewing, swallowing, posture, some reflexes |
| What does the autonomic nervous system control? | Cardiac muscle = heart Smooth muscle = Blood vessels, iris Glands = Sweat and tears |
| What does the enteric nervous system control? | The digestive tract |
| What 5 things does the nervous system do? | Transduce signals, process signals, produce involuntary responses, generate and control behavior, extract info and intellectual activity |
| What happens when you activate the cranial nerves? | Vision, hearing, taste, smell, salivation, chewing, swallowing. Facial expression, eye movement. Sensations in face and scalp. |
| What happens when you activate the somatosensory cortex? | Somatic sensations |
| What happens when efferent signals go from the spinal cord to the motor cortex? | Movement |
| What happens when you activate the melanospin ganglion cells? | pupillary reflex |
| What happens when baroreceptors activate the medullary center? | adjust heart rate, arterioles, peripheral veins |
| What happens when you release anti-diuretic hormone? | Reduce urine volume |
| What happens when you activate osmoreceptors? | Modulate activity of thirst center and modulate the release of anti-diuretic hormone |
| What is the long reflex? | Increase gastointestinal secretions and motility |
| What happens when you generate and control output of the medullary center? | control vegetative functions (swallowing, respiration....) |
| What happens when you release hypothalic and pituitary hormones? | fluid balance, blood pressure, growth, metabolism, reproduction, birth |
| What four lobes of the brain do you need to know? | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
| What does the frontal lobe control? | Voluntary motor activity, speech, though |
| What does the Parietal lobe control? | Touch, pressure, heat, pain, body position |
| What does the occipital lobe control? | Sight |
| What does the temporal lobe control? | Sound sensation, motivation, emotion, memory |
Created by:
24rory
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