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Biology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is mitosis | Is the division of a cell making an identical copy with 2 daughter cells,in somatic cell for growth and repair |
| What is meisosis | A divison of cells combining both with 2 divison,4 daughter cells, having half the # og chromosome of the parent in gametes |
| Diploid cells | (2n)represnted by two homologous chromosomes,somatic cells 2n: 46 chromosomes (Humans) |
| Haploid cells | (n) represented by only one chromosome,gametes (n): 23 (Human) |
| XX | Female |
| XY | Male |
| Process of Meiosis | p1: nuclear membrane breaks,spindle fibers start to form chromosome attach M1:spindle fiber align chromosomes in the middle A1: paired chromosome seprates to each side T1:spindle fibers end 2 cells same for p2 m2 a2 t2 |
| Process of Mitosis | Prophase:Dna forms into chromosomes, spindle fibers form Metaphase:chromosomes algin in the middle spndle fibers attach Anaphase:chromsomes seprate to each side Telephase:nuclear membrane forms |
| Cytokinesis | divides the cytoplasam between the daughter cells with an identical nucleous then enter interphse |
| Interphase | cell copies DNA and grows |
| If a cell is to small what happens ? To big ? | Small: organells cant fit Big: surface area to small to exchange materials |
| cell theory | 1. All livng things are mde of cells 2.Cells are the basic units of life 3.cells come from other cells |
| Prokaryotic cells | small, nuclaear rgion not surronded by a nuclear membrane,single chromosome, cell divison by binary fission or budding,no mitochondria |
| Eukaryotic cells | large,nuclear material surronded my nuclear membrane, membrane organells, cell divison mieosis or mitosis |
| what do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic have in common? | Flagella,Plasma membrane, cell divison, cytoplasma, ribosome, chromosomes |
| Nucleus | stores DNA |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | hepls in the productions of proteins and lipids |
| ribosomes | assembles proteins |
| golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| Vesicle | carries molecules to other places |
| Mitochondrion | converts the chemical energy in food into ATP |
| Vacuole | temporaily stores materials |
| Lysosome | used in digestion or breaking down of nutrients |
| chloroplast | caotures energy from the sun |
| cytoskelteton | in eukaryotic cells that supports and shapes the cell |
| cell membrane | bouandry between a cell and enviroment |
| cytoplasma | jelly like fills the cell |
| passive transpot | the movement of particels through the membrane with no energy |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules |
| active tranport | use of energy to move molecules |
| concentration gradient | is the diffrence of concentration ffrom one locatio to another |
| how do molecules move through the cell membrane ? | high to low |
| What does the cell membrane do? | form a bounadry between the cell and the enviroment |
| Phospholipids | composed of three basic parts 1.charged phosphate group (polar) 2.glycerol 3. 2 fatt acid chains |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | decribes the arrangment of the cell membrane |
| semipermeable membrane | choses what goes in and out by sixe,polarity, and concentration |
| Receptors | a protein that dects a molecule Intracellular- in the cell bonds to molecules Membrane-bound to molecules that cant enter |
| Isotonic | has the same concentration as the cell equal amount of water enter and exit the cell |
| Hypertonic | more solutes than a cell water leaves ans olutes come in the cell causing it to shrivel |
| Hypotonic | fewer solutes than a cell more water in the cell causing to expand |
| Facilitaed diffusion | diffuses moulecules through a protein |
| When does the active transport is used in a cell | when needed molecules are from low to high using atp |
| Proton Pump | uses energy from the breakdown of ATP to move protons out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | engulfing large materials |
| Exocytosis | release of a substance |
| water is a | solvent |
| Solvent | the dissolver |
| Solute | what is being dissolved |
| Solution | end product |
| Polarity | allows water to form hydrogen bonds with each other |
| Water has | polar covalent bonds |
| Polar covalent bonds | slightly postive region with a slightly negative region |
| hydrogen bond | an attraction between a slightly positive and negative atom connecting all water bonds |
| adhesion | water attracting to other molecules |
| Cohesion | water atrracting to water |
| Transpiration | it moves water through the roots to the leaves |
| xylem cells | they comduct water and minerals from the soil into and up the tree |
| Phloem | moves disolved sugar to regions |
| surface tension | is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
| The more acidic an solution is | higher concetration |
| The more basic a solution is | lower concetration |
| Carbohydrates | molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen including sugar and starches like glucose,monosaccharides |
| Lipids | nonpolar molecules that are triglycerdes include fatty acids and glcerol broken down for energy |
| Satruarted fatty acid | single bond |
| Unsaturatrd fatty acid | double bond |
| Proteins | Polymers made of monommers of 20 amino acids and enzymes |
| Nucleci acid | polymer made of monomers of nucleotide having one job to make proteins |
| Catalyst | is a substance that decreases the activation energy to start a chemical reaction |
| What do the active sites on an enzyme do ? | attach to the subrates making a product |
| Chanes of amino acid | polypetide making a protein |
| Sulfur bonds in proteins | force the protein to bend |
| Hydrogen bonds in proteins | can make the protein flip |
| Chemical reactions | changes a substance to another |
| ase at the end means its a | enzyme |
| bond energy | the amount of energy it takes that will break a bond between two atoms |
| Chemical equilibrium | when products and reactants are made at the same time |
| exothermic | releases more energy than absorbed |
| endothermic | more energy absorbed than released |
| If the suffix is ose its a | carbohydrates |
| what are the 4 marcomolecules | carbohydrates,lipids,proteins, nucleic acids |
| Monmers | subunit molecules |
| Polymers | made up of monmers |
| Atom | smallest basic unit of matter |
| element | one particular atom |
| compound | made up of diffrent atoms and elements |
| Ion | an atom that has gained or lost electrons |
| Ionic bond | froms through the eletric force between oppositely chraged ions |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond |
| subrates | the sepcific reactants that an enzyme acts on |
| Steroid cholesterol | affects the membrane of what passes based on tempature at warm tempature it restrains movemnet |
| ATP | a molecule that transfers enegry from breakdown |
| ADP | lower energy that changes to ATP |
| Explain the chemical energy cycle | atp > phosophate removed with energy > ADP > phosphat added energy from breakdown added |
| How much ATP does a carabohydrate | ATP 3 stored in large amounts |
| How much ATP does a lipid have | ATP 9 stores most energy aand gives the most |
| How much ATP does a protein have | ATP 3same amount of stroage of a carbohydrates less likely to make ATP |
| Where does photosynthesis take place | in chloroplast |
| Explain photosynthesis | Light dependent stage: 1.energy from the sunlight go through thylakoid breaking down water and making oxygen Light independt stage: 1.energy is given from ATP Carbon dixoide are used to make sugars |
| Where does cellular respiration occur ? | in the mitochondria |
| explain cellular respiration cycle | Stage one Kreb cycle: 1.3 carbon molecules enter the matrix and give off carbon dioxide stage 2 electron transport: 1. energy carrying molecules come making ATP and heat and water are released |
| Fermentation | does not make atp or oxygen but still uses glycolysis |
| latic acid | product of fermentaion in many types of cells espically in muscle cells |
| acholic fermentation | used in yeast and plants |
| What are the products of photosynthesis | oxygen and sugar |
| What are the prducts of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide and water |
| Anthers | male, produces pollen |
| Stamen | male , contains antheer and filament |
| Ovary, | Female, has the seed insode and makes into ovalues |
| Petal | atrratcs pollinators |
| style, | female, holds stigma |
| sepal | small leaves that protect the bud |
| Filament | male, holds anther |
| pistil | female, contains the stigma style and ovary |
| stem | brings plant closer to sun |
| root | collects nutrients and water |
| leaf | collects the nutrients and turns into sugars through photosynthesis |
| flower | make seeds to reproduce |
| root cap | protects the root from injury |
| root hair | to increase surface area |
| meristemic tissue | conducts meitosis |
| vascular tissue | made up of the xylem and pholem |
| ground tissue | makes up the majority of the plant |
| Dermal tissue | protect the plant from injury and water loss |
| cambium tissue | layer of tissue found in the pholem produces new pholem on the outside and xylem on the inside |
| Gaurd cells | help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stoma |
| Karyotype | shows any disorder in the 23 chromosome |
| Charagaff rules | all DNA has a pair adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine |
| what is the DNA structure | double Helix |
| what is the DNA nucleotide structure | phosphate, sugar, and a base |
| What is the process of DNA | replication,transcription, and translation |
| replication | makes a new strand of DNA by unzipping the old one matching it with its nitrogen pair and making two new strands |
| Transcrpiton | procees where DNA is copied to make RNA |
| Transltion | Converts a mRNA message into a polypetide |
| tRNA | brings amino acid to the mRNA to make a protein |
| mutation | a change in an organism |
| Point mutation | where one nucleotide is subsituted for another one |
| frameshift mutation | involes the inertion or deletion of a nucleotidein a dna sequence |
| Aa | heterozygous |
| AA | homozygous |
| genotypic ratio | tells how mamy possible outcomes |
| Phenotypic | tells how many dominat to recessive |
| Law of segration | each allel segrates into seprate gametes |
| Law of independent assormetn | each pair of allels for genes on a chromosome seprate into gamets independetly |
| Incomplete dominace | where an allel in nother dominat or recessive mixes both traits |
| codminance | niether dominant or recessivew but shows both traits |
| P generation | the first two that were crossed in crossed breeding |
| F1 | first genertaion from the p genertaion |
| F2 | outcome of F1 generation |
| polygenetic traits | deoends on more than one traits |
| Genetic enginerring | the process of manipulating genes for purposes |
| Codon | 3 nuceltide sequence |
| autosomal recessive | disorder shows on the recssive gene |
| Autosomeal dominat | shows ont eh dominant gene |
| Sex-linked gene | given through the X gene usally the mother |
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BB2424
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