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mod 1 cell bio LC or
Module 1 Cell Biology Lesson C Orgenelle Cooperation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is the Nucleus important? | The nucleus is the most important organelle in the cell because it stores the genetic material (DNA) that determines the cell's characteristics and metabolic function |
| How long does human red blood cell live? | These cells don't have a nucleus so have a limited life (about 90 days) and they eventually break down and are irreparable. |
| What does the Nucleus do? | sends molecular messages to all parts of the cell, giving instructions that controls protein synthesis. |
| What does the proteins do? | These proteins are the main structural molecules that form the 'parts' of the cell. They are also enzymes that direct chemical reactions within the cytoplasm and organelles. |
| What is the Nucleolus responsible for? | Nucleolus is responsible for assembling ribosomes. It receives all its instructions for ribosomal assembly from the nucleus. It is composed primarily of DNA specialized in producing ribosomal-RNA (R-RNA). |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | responsible for production of proteins for export out of cell. Protein enters ER interior where it is modified by addition of a sugar chain, making it a glycoprotein. After protein is modified, is packaged in transport vesicle and sent to the Golgi. |
| Smooth ER | lacks ribosomes. It is responsible for the production of lipids, such as steroid hormones and the lipids that make up the cell's membrane. |
| Ribosomes | Ribosomes make proteins. These structures receive their instructions from the nucleus and are assembled in the nucleolus. Found attached to the rough ER or within the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups called polyribosomes (poly means many). |
| Polyribosomes | strings of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. |
| Golgi Apparatus | involved in processing, packaging,secretion. receives lipid-filled vesicles that bud from smooth ER and protein-filled vesicles from rough ER. These molecules move from the inner face to outer face of Golgi. It is also involved in formation of lysosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus - what happens to the glycoproteins? | During this transition, the glycoproteins have their chains modified before they are repackaged and secreted via vesicles |
| What are Vesicles? | Vesicles are small vacuoles (membrane-bound sacs that store fluid and a variety of other substances) used to transport materials. |
| What are vesicles used for? | Vesicles are often produced by the Golgi bodies when packaging materials for exocytosis or by the cell membrane when it imports material by endocytosis. |
| Lysosomes | Lysosomes are vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes produced by the Golgi bodies. Lysosomes move throughout the cell and fuse with vacuoles and other structures to help digest food or break down old structures for recycling or removal. |
| What are the processes related to lysosomes? | The lysosomes are also related to the processes of autolysis and apoptosis in cells. |
| Autolysis | the process by which a cell self-destructs for health of entire organism. usually occurs in injured cells or dying tissue. Autolysis occurs when a lysosome allows digestive enzymes to leave through its membranes. The cell then, in effect, digests itself. |
| Apoptosis | a cascade of specific cellular events that lead to the ultimate death and destruction of the cell. This process is programmed in the cell's nucleus. |
| Cell Membrane | separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. It is selectively permeable, and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell. |
| Mitochondria | the powerhouse of the cell because it has the ability to convert the intermediate breakdown products of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. When this occurs, large amounts of energy are released. This process is called cellular respiration. |
| What is cellular respiration? | This process by which in the Mitochondria glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. When this occurs, large amounts of energy are released. is called cellular respiration. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | This energy is stored in molecule ATP like 'cell gas'it powers processes in cells that require energy. much more available to cells, compared to carbohydrates. Cellular respiration requires oxygen in order to be efficient. |
| Cellular respiration formula | Carbohydrate + oxygen ---carbon dioxide + water+ energy (ATP) |
| Mitochondria in plants | recycle the chemicals produced by the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. reversed formula: solar energy + water + carbon dioxide--- carbohydrate + oxygen. Oxygen produced in photosynthesis is used up in cellular respiration. |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthesis occurs within plants and algae with chloroplasts. Chloropl bounded by two membranes that surround a fluid-filled space (stroma). Within the stroma are flattened sacs called thylakoids. Thylakoids are stacked up into structures called grana. |
| chlorophyl | Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which is located within the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll captures the solar energy required for photosynthesis and the production of carbohydrates. |
| Photosynthesis | Only plants, cyanobacteria, and algae are able to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is represented by this equation: solar energy + water + carbon dioxide--- carbohydrate + oxygen |
| Why are Photosynthesis and cellular respiration often called complimentary processes? | because products of one are reactants of other. To carry out photosynthesis, chloroplasts require carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration in mitochondria. To respire, mitochondria require oxygen and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. |
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sarabarbot
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