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Micro WI-13 Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are bacteria categorized? | By shape |
| What percentage of human diseases are caused by bacteria? | 10% |
| What is the primary function of fungi? | Decomposition |
| What is the term for fungi being only 10% visible (i.e. - the other 90% is under the surface? | Insidious |
| To what Kingdom do bacteria belong? | Monera |
| What is another word for virus? | Obligate intracellular parasite |
| What are prions? | Infectious proteins (we think) |
| Are viruses cellular or acellular? | Acellular - not alive |
| What is often the first sign/symptoms of a viral infection? | Tiredness |
| How does "junk DNA" end up in the human genome? | Viral DNA embeds pieces of itself into the human genome |
| What causes "Beaver Fever?" | Giardia |
| What are the symptomatic differences between acute and chronic African Sleeping Sickness? | Acute kills inside of ~4 months. Chronic causes lifelong narcolepsy |
| What phyla of worms are flat worms? | Phyla Platyhelminthes |
| What phyla of worms are round worms? | Phyla Nemahelminthes |
| What is virulence? | The potential of a pathogen to cause disease - i.e. - HOW sick we get |
| What are normal flora? | Bacteria that live on a body without causing harm to the host |
| What is an opportunistic pathogen? | Normal flora that colonizes outside of its source |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of factors determining the frequency and distribution of disease |
| What does it mean when a virus "burns hot?" | Burning hot is when a virus arrives in a new location and has so many available hosts with no resistance that it kills them immediately |
| What are examples of insect vectors? | Mosquitoes, fleas, lice, and ticks |
| What type of transmission method spreads diseases like TB and leprosy? | Person to person contact |
| What are the five requirements of infection? | 1. Entry 2. Establishment 3. Defeat Host Defenses 4. Damage the Host 5. Transmission to New Host |
| How often does the average bacteria replicate? | Every 15 to 20 minutes |
| What factors cause propagation of epidemic diseases (5 examples)? | 1. Poor socioeconomic conditions 2. Ignorance of how infections occur 3. Poor hygiene 4. Natural disasters 5. War/Refugee relocation |
| What are the possible outcomes of viral infection? | Recovery or death |
| What are virulence factors? | Factors that allow a pathogen to 1) persist in the host, 2) cause disease or 3) escape/defeat host defenses |
| Which type of immune response is non-specific? | Innate immune response |
| Which type of immune response is lethal? | Adaptive immune response (B and T cells) |
| Which type of immune response is based on "memory" of previous infections? | Adaptive immune response |
| Into which type of immune response to tears belong? | Innate immune response |
| In what year was the most recent antibiotic developed? What is it called? | 1985; Vancomycin |
| What three methods constitute treatment of infectious disease? | 1. Antiseptics 2. Disinfectants 3. Antibiotics |
| Which two treatment methods are used for prevention of bacterial infection? | Antiseptics and disinfectants |
| Why are fungal infections more difficult to treat | Fungi are eukaryotic (they have nuclei), so they share common structures with human cells |
| What is the treatment for a viral infection? | There is no treatment |
| What is the best treatment for infectious diseases? | Prevention |
| What are the five public health measures taken to reduce infection? | 1. Disinfect water supply 2. Monitor food supply 3. Proper hygiene/sanitation 4. Proper waste removal/treatment 5. Insect/pest control |
| What are the three portals of entry? | 1. Mucous membranes 2. Skin 3. Parenteral |
| Where are mucous membranes found (3 locations)? | Respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract |
| Why does cranberry juice help reduce UTIs? | It causes urinary bladder mucous to be thinner |
| Which is the number one portal of entry? | Respiratory tract |
| Does a patient normally die from dehydration? | No. They normally die from a fatal cardiac arrhythmia |
| If there is a pathological loss of water, what is the therapy? | Rehydration WITHOUT electrolytes |
| What is the common name for Bordetella pertusis? How is it spread? | Whooping cough. Via close contact. |
| When Poliovirus exits the duodenum and enters the CNS, what does it paralyze? | The diaphragm |
| When Poliovirus exits the ileum and/or jejunum and goes to the CNS, what does it paralyze | The lower body |
| Which gastrointestinal pathogen causes ulcers and stomach carcinoma? | Heliobacter pylori |
| Are STDs commonly symptomatic or asymptomatic in women? | Asymptomatic |
| Which is the number one STD in the US? The second? | 1. Chalmydia trachomatis 2. Neisseria gonorrheae |
| Which STD is a parasite? | Trichmonas vaginalis |
| What is the parenteral route of entry? | A break in the skin |
| Where are virulence structures usually found? | On the pathogen's surface |
| Which is the most common oral flora? | Streptococci |
| What are the two types of defense that pathogens have to defeat host defenses? | Passive and active |
| What is passive defense? | Using intrinsic features of the pathogen |
| What is active defense? | Attacking the host directly |
| Which type of bacteria, Gram + or Gram -, requires a moist environment? | Gram - |
| On what species of bacteria are M proteins found? | Streptococcus |
| What do M proteins do? | They increase adhesion ability (make the bacteria "stickier") and inhibit phagocytosis (make bacteria too large to engulf) |
| Where is the Lipid A endotoxin found? | In the cell walls of Gram - bacteria |
| What is mycolic acid? | A waxy coating on the outside of Mycobacteria (an acid-fast bacteria) |
| How do capsules protect bacteria? | They make bacteria too large to engulf |
| Where are capsule-forming bacteria usually found in the human body? | The respiratory tract |
| How do phagocytes transport bacteria through the body? | The capsules bacteria form protect them from lysozymes. These bacteria reproduce inside the phagocyte, and since phagocytes travel all over the body, they take the reproducing bacteria with them. |
| What do bacterial active defenses involve? | The production of extracellular enzymes |
| What are bacterial defense enzymes also known as? | Exotoxins |
| What do leukocidins destroy? | White blood cells |
| What do hemolysins destroy? | Red and white blood cells |
| What does coagulase do? | Forms fibrin clots |
| What does kinase do? | Breaks down fibrin and destroys clots |
| What does hyaluronidase do? | Breaks down connective tissue |
| What does collagenase do? | Breaks down collagen |
| Which spreads faster, Staph or Strep? | Strep |
| Which spreads deeper, Staph or Strep? | Staph |
| What are the two types of host damage? | Damage due to active pathogens and damage due to host defense mechanisms |
| What is direct damage? | Damage controlled by the host immune system |
| What is indirect damage? | The result of toxin production |
| What are the three types of bacterial exotoxins? | Cytotoxins (kill cells), neurotoxins (interfere with neurotransmission), and enterotoxins (affect lining of digestive system) |
| What is a pathogenicity island? | A segment of DNA on a plasmid that codes for toxicity |
| What are the three types of anthrax? | Cutaneous, Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary |
| Which of the three types of anthrax is NOT naturally occuring? | Pulmonary |
| What type of muscle cell does Corynebacterium diptheriae affect? What type of bacterial toxin does it produce? | Cardiomyocytes; Cytotoxins |
| What type of toxin does Clostridium botulinum produce? What does it inhibit the release of? | Neurotoxin; Acetylcholine |
| How are enterotoxins commonly introduced to food? | By contaminated flora from food handlers |
| What are the three ways in which viruses cause damage? | 1. Viral overload 2. Cytocidal effects (kills host) 3. Non-cytocidal effects (host response causes damage) |
Created by:
eippolito
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