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Genetics
Biology Midterm Vocabulary
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| meiosis | The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants |
| crossing over | the interchange of corresponding chromatid segments of homologous chromosomes with their linked genes |
| haploid | an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number |
| diploid | an organism or cell having double the basic haploid number of chromosomes |
| reduction division | the first division of meiosis in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the original number |
| genetic recombination | is the process by which a strand of the genetic material (usually DNA; but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to the end of a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paire |
| genetics | the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment |
| true breeding | sometimes also called a pure-bred, is an organism having certain biological traits which are passed on to all subsequent generations when bred with another true breeding organism for the same traits |
| P generation | The parental generation in the cross pollination between two true-breeding plants that differ in a particular trait |
| F1 generation | The F1 (first filial) generation is the hybrid offspring produced in the cross pollination of P generation plants |
| F2 generation | The progeny of self-pollinated F1 generation plants |
| dominant | the one of a pair of alternative alleles that masks the effect of the other when both are present in the same cell or organism |
| recessive | that one of a pair of alternative alleles whose effect is masked by the activity of the second when both are present in the same cell or organism |
| homozygous | having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics |
| heterozygous | having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic |
| allele | any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation |
| phenotype | the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits |
| law of segregation | the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent |
| law of independent assortment | the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together |
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