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Cell Struct/Function
Cell Structures and Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are cell structures and functions? | Within cells there is an intricate network of organelles with unique functions that allow the cell to function properly. A cell is made up of (nucleus, cytoplasm, and surface). |
| Nucleus | - One or more per cell - Spherical shape - Denser than surrounding cytoplasm Made up of Chromosomes (Chromatin), Nuclear membrane, and the Nucleolus. |
| Chromosomes (Chromatin) | - Usually in the form of chromatin - Contains genetic information - Composed of DNA - Thicken for cellular division - Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human) |
| Nuclear membrane | - Surrounds nucleus - Composed of two layers - Numerous openings for nuclear traffic |
| Nucleolus | - Spherical shape - Visible when cell is not dividing - Contains RNA for protein manufacture |
| Cytoplasm | Collective term for cytosol and organelles contained within Colloidal suspension - Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-floating molecules - Viscosity constantly changes Cytoplasm: Centrioles, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum,et |
| Centrioles | - Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus - Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules - Involved in cellular division - Lie at right angles to each other |
| Chloroplasts | - A plastid usually found in plant cells - Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place |
| Cytoskeleton | - Composed of microtubules - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | - Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane - Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system - Smooth type: lacks ribosomes - Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface |
| What organelles does Cytoplasm contain? | Cytoplasm: Centrioles, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, Endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi apparatus,Lysosome, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles |
| Golgi apparatus | - Protein 'packaging plant' - A membrane structure found near nucleus - Composed of numerous layers forming a sac |
| Lysosome | - Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal - Vary in shape depending on process being carried out - Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes |
| Mitochondria | - Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure - Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae - Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae - Controls level of water and other materials in cell - Recycles and d |
| Ribosomes | - Each cell contains thousands - Miniature 'protein factories' - Composes 25% of cell's mass - Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum - Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm |
| Vacuoles | occupy to 90% of a cell's volume and have a single membrane- Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal - Contains water solution - Contractile vacuoles for water removal (unicellular organisms) mainly space-filler, then digest-like |
| Surface | Made up of the cell wall and the Plasma Membrane. |
| Cell wall | composed of fats and sugars. stabilizes, protects cell- Most commonly in plant cells - Controls turgity - Extracellu structure surround plasma membrane - Primary cell wall: extremely elastic - Second cell wall: forms aro prim cell wall aft growth complete |
| Plasma membrane | - Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic - Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials - Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer. |
| What's the difference between plant and animal cells? | Plant cells can be larger than animal cells. The normal range animal cell varies from 10-30 micrometers while that for a plant cell 10-100. Plants have structural differences: chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles |
| What's the same in plant and animal cells? | they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements. |
| What's the difference between a plant and an animal cell's energy source? | Plant cells get their energy from the sun through the chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll, which Mabsorbs sunlight) which form photosynthesis and Animal cells get their energy from the Mitochondria mainly through food. |
| How do Chloroplasts carry out energy conversion? | Through complex set of reactions like performed by mitochondria in animals. Db membrane structure also similar. The inner membrane area: stoma, like matrix in mitochondria-houses DNA, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes. Chloroplasts gen larger with 3rd membrane. |
| What are the series of steps in a scientific method? | Answerable questions are created. Predictions or hypotheses are made that are testable by experiment. Experimental results are interpreted. A conclusion or conclusions are made from interpretations, and new questions and predictions are often created. |
| A hypothesis: | - must explain observations -must be testable -should predict future findings if-and-then statements only 1 variable changed/time. Changed variable is independent/manipulated variable. dependent/responding variable =Observed variable changes in response |
Created by:
sarabarbot
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